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Population | ||||
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Demography | ||||
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Population Charts | ||||
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Population Figures | ||||
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The Effects of Population Growth |
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Malthus |
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The Food Supply |
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Agricultural Societies | ||||
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There are 3 Types of Subsistence Agriculture recognized today | ||||
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1. Shifting Cultivation | ||||
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2. Intensive Subsistence | ||||
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3. Pastoral Subsistence | ||||
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Origins of Subsistence Agriculture in HG Society | ||||
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Early Subsistence Agriculture Age in Pre Empire Society | ||||
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There have been FOUR Agriculture Revolutions | ||||
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1. The Beginnings & Spread of Agriculture | ||||
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2. The Transition from Subsistence to Market Agriculture | ||||
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3. Industrialization of Agriculture | ||||
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4. Globalization of Agriculture | ||||
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Commercial Agriculture | ||||
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US Farm Crisis | ||||
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The Green Revolution | ||||
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Biotechnology in Ag | ||||
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The Environment & Agriculture | ||||
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The Census |
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The American Generations |
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Baby Boomers |
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Gen X |
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Analysis of the Population Explosion | |||||
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SIA Variable 1: The Population | ||||
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The Population Explosion & the Environment | ||||
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Solutions to the Population Explosion |
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THE WORLD FOOD SUPPLY TODAY IS ADEQUATE, YET MANY PEOPLE GO HUNGRY | |||||
Food supply is the total amount of food available to all the people in the world |
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Because no one can live w/o food, & so the supply of food has always been one of the human race's chief concerns |
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The world's food supply varies from year to year because the production of crops & livestock varies |
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Some years, terrible losses result from such natural disasters as droughts & floods, or from insect infestations or animal diseases |
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The world's population grows every year, & so the worldwide demand for food also constantly increases |
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Food shortages & famines occur when the food supply falls short of the amount needed |
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The food supply varies not only from year to year but also from country to country |
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Most of the poor, less developed countries of Africa, Asia, & Latin America seldom have enough food for most of their people |
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Millions of people in these countries go hungry |
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During years of famine, millions may die of starvation |
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In almost all developed nations, on the other hand, the majority of people have an adequate diet |
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In nearly every nation, some people have more than enough to eat while others live in constant hunger |
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DEVELOPED NATIONS HAVE AN ADEQUATE DIET BECAUSE OF THE TEMPERATE CLIMATE, STRONG AG SYSTEMS, MODERN FERTILIZER & FARM MACHINES |
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Almost all the developed nations lie in the world's temperate regions, that is, between the tropics & the polar areas |
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The soil & climate in temperate regions are generally well suited for farming |
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the developed nations have money for agricultural research & so have been able to solve various problems associated w/ ag in temperate regions |
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Most farmers in the developed countries can afford the fertilizers & machines needed to produce large amounts of food |
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The developed countries have enough food because their population grows more slowly than their food supply |
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UNDEVELOPED NATIONS LIE NEAR OR IN THE TROPICS WHICH ARE NOT WELL SUITED FOR AG, THEY DO NOT HAVE MODERN AG SYSTEMS, FERTILIZER, NOR FARM MACHINES, & SOME LEADERS DO NOT SUPPORT AN ADEQUATE FOOD SUPPLY | |||||
Unlike the developed countries, most less developed countries lie in or near the tropics | |||||
The soil & climate in these regions are generally not so well suited to large scale food production as they are in temperate regions | |||||
The poorer nations do not have much money for research | |||||
The poorer nations have made relatively little progress in solving the problems of tropical agriculture | |||||
Farmers in the less developed countries cannot afford to buy the fertilizers & other materials they need to produce more food | |||||
The less developed countries have too little food chiefly because their population grows nearly as fast as, or faster than, their food supply | |||||
The governments of some of these countries may not support the idea that food ought to be widely available at a reasonable cost to al | |||||
THE EXPANSION OF THE FOOD SUPPLY IS "IN A RACE" W/ THE EXPANSION OF THE POPULATION, W/ FOOD SUPPLY, SO FAR, STAYING AHEAD | |||||
The world's population is increasing about 1.7 percent a year. Food production must grow at about the same rate to feed the increasing number of people | |||||
Many experts believe food production will fail to keep up w/ population growth unless the birth rate falls sharply | |||||
The theory that the growth of the food supply could not keep up w/ the growth of the population was first developed in detail by the British economist Thomas Robert Malthus in the late 1700s | |||||
World food production is increasing at a rate slightly higher than world population growth | |||||
Food production in Europe & many parts of Asia has increased faster than population growth, but in other regions, including Africa, population growth continues to increase at a faster rate than food production | |||||
In the past, population growth was controlled mainly by a high death rate | |||||
But since the early 1900s, improved living standards & medical advances have reduced the death rate in the majority of countries | |||||
Today, most people who agree w/ Malthus consider family planning to be the only practical method of reducing population growth | |||||
The world's food supply consists mainly of food produced during the current year | |||||
The food supply also includes reserves, also called stocks, left over from previous years | |||||
Food reserves are necessary to help prevent shortages after poor farming years | |||||
To build up reserves, the countries of the world overall must produce more food in a year than they consume | |||||
Few countries produce a surplus except for the US produces by far the largest surplus, & Argentina, Australia, Canada, & New Zealand also regularly produce a food surplus | |||||
Most countries produce either just enough food to meet their needs or not enough | |||||
If a country fails to produce enough food, it must import additional supplies or face a shortage | |||||
Most developed countries that do not produce sufficient food can afford to import the extra supplies they need & the UK & Japan are examples of such countries | |||||
less developed countries cannot afford to import all the food they need | |||||
Since the early 1950s, world food production has doubled, but so has the demand & as a result, many countries rely on food imports, chiefly from the US | |||||
MODERN AG TECHNIQUES ARE MORE HARMFUL TO THE ENV THAN TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES | |||||
Increased use of agricultural resources can help farmers produce more food | |||||
Modern farming techniques can also cause environmental problems | |||||
Increased use of nitrogen fertilizers sometimes creates a build up of nitrogen compounds in the soil & rain water eventually washes these compounds into rivers & streams, where they contribute to water pollution | |||||
AG PRODUCTION DEPENDS ON LAND, WATER (RAIN & IRRIGATION), CLIMATE, ENERGY, TECHNIQUES, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, FERTILIZER, EQUIPMENT, & MORE | |||||
The amount of food a nation produces depends partly on its ag resources, such as land & water & no country has an unlimited supply of these resources | |||||
The worldwide food supply is thus affected by (1) limited agricultural resources & (2) the ever increasing demand for food. The food supply within countries is also affected by problems of distribution | |||||
Farming requires various resources, especially land, water, energy, & fertilizer | |||||
Most of the world's good cropland is already in use, & most of the unused land lies in remote areas, far from markets & transportation | |||||
All crops require water to grow, but rainfall is distributed unevenly over the earth's surface & so some farmers can depend on rainfall for all the water they need. Other farmers must use irrigation water, if it is available, because the rainfall is too light or uncertain | |||||
But the supply of irrigation water is limited, & farmers in some countries use nearly all the available supply | |||||
Many farmers depend heavily on energy resources, particularly petroleum fuels, to operate tractors, irrigation pumps, & other equipment | |||||
They use fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, to enrich the soil, which at present, is mostly made from natural gas, but supplies of petroleum & natural gas are limited | |||||
farms will someday need other sources for energy & nitrogen fertilizers | |||||
Meanwhile, the energy needs of farmers have greatly increased | |||||
Since 1950, the amount of energy used to produce a ton of grain has more than doubled | |||||
In some countries, the energy used to produce fertilizer exceeds that used to operate tractors | |||||
In every country, the generally rising prices for energy & fertilizer add to the cost of food | |||||
THE GREEN REVOLUTION IMPROVED IRRIGATION, ENERGY, FERTILIZER, & GRAIN & LIVESTOCK VARIETIES | |||||
As part of what has come to be known as the green revolution, farmers have used two main methods of making their land more productive, including: (1) increasing their use of irrigation, energy, & fertilizer, & (2) improving varieties of grains & livestock, which produce higher crop & & larger amounts of livestock products | |||||
Farmers in developed countries have used both the methods of the Green Rev for many years | |||||
In the 1960s, farmers in some developing countries also adopted both methods to increase their production of wheat & rice | |||||
The development of high yield varieties of rice & wheat made the Green Rev possible, but the revolution also required greater use of irrigation water, energy, & fertilizer | |||||
Many farmers got the water from wells & installed electric or diesel powered pumps to bring the water to the surface | |||||
To get the highest yields, farmers had to enrich their soil w/ fertilizers | |||||
During the 1960's, these methods helped such countries as India & Mexico double their wheat production | |||||
The Green Revolution can continue to make farmland more productive by for example, if farmers in the tropics have enough water, fertilizer, & other essential resources, they can grow two or three crops a year on the same land, instead of one crop | |||||
The Green Revs ability to increase the food supply is limited & many farmers in less developed countries cannot afford the additional resources that the Green Revolution requires | |||||
The greater use of these resources makes land more productive only up to a point | |||||
Most farmers in the US, for example, use 7 to 10 times as much fertilizer on each unit of land as do most farmers in less developed countries, but US grain yields are only about twice as large as those in less developed countries | |||||
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AG CORPS HAVE BOTH HELPED & HINDERED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOD SUPPLY, ESP IN DEVELOPING NATIONS |
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Generally ag corps such as Archer Daniels Midland, Cargil, & others are known to develop tech & techniques that favor large, mechanized, energy, fertilizer, & herbicide centered farming practices | |||||
Large ag corps do not generally pursue tech & techniques useful to small farmers or less developed ag systems | |||||
Large ag corps & large farmers generally absorb / buy out small farmers that use tradl or less mechanized ag methods |
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SHIFTING CULTIVATION, OR HORTICULTURE, IS A SYSTEM OF CROP ROTATION, ALLOWING SOME AREAS TO REPLENISH EACH SEASON |
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Shifting cultivation is an ag system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned | |||||
This system often involves clearing of a piece of land followed by several years of wood harvesting or farming, until the soil loses fertility | |||||
Once the land becomes inadequate for crop production, it is left to be reclaimed by natural vegetation, or sometimes converted to a different long term cyclical farming practice called crop rotation | |||||
The ecological consequences are often deleterious, but can be partially mitigated if new forests are not invaded | |||||
Many shifting cultivation farmers use a practice of slash & burn as one element of their farming cycle | |||||
Other shifting cultivation farmers employ land clearing w/o any burning, & some cultivators are purely migratory & do not use any cyclical method on a given plot | |||||
Sometimes no slashing at all is needed where regrowth is purely of grasses, an outcome not uncommon when soils are near exhaustion & need to lie fallow | |||||
Shifting cultivation / slash & burning eventually served as the precursor to crop rotation | |||||
Shifting cultivation, today, is almost always practiced in tropical forests, sometimes used in temperate & semi arid regions |
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In the past, it was practiced intensely in all areas, but today is supplanted by industrial ag | |||||
This method requires less energy than modern farming & can only support a low population | |||||
THE TWO TYPES OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION ARE FIELD ROTATION & CROP ROTATION | |||||
Field rotation is the method of shifting cultivation where some fields are allowed to remain fallow each season in order to allow them to replenish | |||||
Crop rotation is the method of shifting cultivation where crops are changed each season or so in order to allow them to replenish | |||||
All fields remain in production, but different crops have positive & negative effects & so do not over accumulate in a field | |||||
Large grains such as corn & soybeans are generally harder on the soil | |||||
Small grains such as wheat, oats, barley generally replenish soil | |||||
Soybeans will add nitrogen to ground | |||||
Alfalfa loosens up soil, adds nutrients & mulch | |||||
SHIFTING CULTIVATION LAND TENURE USUALLY OPERATES SO THAT PEOPLE HOLD LAND IN COMMON | |||||
Decisions about land use under the land tenure system are made through a ruling council | |||||
Under shifting cultivation land tenure, sites are distributed among village families | |||||
As sites become congested, families split off to establish a new village |
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INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE IS THE AG SYSTEM WHERE SMALL PARCELS OF LAND ARE INTENSIVELY USED THROUGH INTENSIVE USE OF LABOR & FERTILIZER | |||||
Intensive agriculture is able to support large rural populations | |||||
Intensive agriculture occurs in areas w/ largest populations: Asia: India, China, SE Asia | |||||
Methods of intensive agriculture include double cropping, & where possible, fields planted year after year w/ use of fertilizer | |||||
In practice many relatively small scale farmers employ some combination of intensive & extensive agriculture, & many of these operate relatively close to markets | |||||
Intensive agriculture is labor intensive utilizing humans & beasts of burden | |||||
Intensive agriculture may use terracing | |||||
Intensive agriculture may use non mechanized irrigation | |||||
LAND TENURE IS PRIVATE, ALONG PATRIARCHAL LINES, IE FATHER TO SON | |||||
Land tenure in intensive agriculture limits the size of plots, which has more to do w/ population than geography | |||||
Land is passed down from generation to generation, usually fathers to sons | |||||
As families grows, each generation receives a smaller share | |||||
Crop types in intensive ag include rice, which is a major crop in Asia: China, SE Asia, Bangladesh, India | |||||
In drier, colder climates wheat, barley, millet, sorghum, corn, oats are the crops of choice for intensive ag | |||||
PADDY FIELD PRODUCTION IS AN EARLY FORM OF SUBSISTENCE INTENSIVE FARMING THAT IS STILL WIDELY USED TODAY | |||||
A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice & other semi aquatic crops | |||||
Paddy fields are a typical feature of rice growing countries of east & SE Asia including Malaysia, China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, & the Philippines | |||||
Paddies are also found in other rice growing regions such as Italy, France & Haiti | |||||
Paddies can occur naturally along rivers or marshes, or can be constructed, even on hillsides, often w/ much labor & materials | |||||
Paddies require large quantities of water for irrigation, which can be quite complex for a highly developed system of paddy fields | |||||
Flooding provides water essential to the growth of the crop & also gives an environment favorable to the strain of rice being grown, & is hostile to many species of weeds | |||||
As the only draft animal species which is adapted for life in wetlands, the water buffalo is in widespread use in Asian rice paddies | |||||
Paddy based rice farming has been practiced Korea since ancient times | |||||
A pit house at the Daecheon site yielded carbonized rice grains & radiocarbon dates indicating that rice cultivation may have begun as early as the Middle Jeulmun Pottery Period (c. 3500-2000 BC) in the Korean Peninsula (Crawford & Lee 2003) | |||||
The earliest rice cultivation in the Korean Peninsula may have used dry fields instead of paddies | |||||
TERRACE SUBSISTENCE INTENSIVE FARMING IS STILL WIDELY USED TODAY BECAUSE IT BRINGS MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN INTO PRODUCTION, BUT IS NOT EASILY CONVERTED TO MODERN TECHNIQUES | |||||
A terrace is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area, designed as a method of soil conservation to slow or prevent the rapid surface runoff of irrigation water | |||||
Often such land is formed into multiple terraces, giving a stepped appearance | |||||
The human landscapes of rice cultivation in terraces that follow the natural contours of the escarpments like contour ploughing is a classic feature of the island of Bali & the Banaue Rice Terraces in Benguet, Philippines | |||||
In Peru, the Inca made use of otherwise unusable slopes by drystone walling to create terraces |
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PASTORALISM IS SUBSISTENCE AG WHICH FOCUSES ON BREEDING & HERDING ANIMALS FOR FOOD, SHELTER, CLOTHING, MEDICINE, ETC. |
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Pastoralism can be sedentary ( permanent location ) or nomadic |
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Pastoralism may be subsistence or commercial |
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Nomadism is pastoralism where there is continuous movements of groups of herders, families, & herds |
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Transhumance is pastoralism where there is movement of people w/ the seasons to warmer, lowlands in winter & to cooler, highland in summer |
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Pastoralism can combine w/ other forms of economic systems |
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Pastoral farmers may barter w/ farmers for grain & other commodities | |||||
PASTORALISM SOMETIMES LIMITS THE SOCIAL FREEDOMS OF GROUPS W/IN THE CULTURE; & HAS A STRICTLY CODIFIED DIV OF LABOR | |||||
Women & children may split off from the group & plant crops at fixed locations in spring, & then rejoin group after planting, & then return to harvest | |||||
Pastoralism is part of the ag system where families are governed by a leader or chief |
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Often, groups of families are divided into groups that follow different routes w/ the herds | |||||
THE FORCES OF GLOBALIZATION ARE DISPLACING / ELIMINATING PASTORALISM & ALL FORMS OF TRADL LIFESTYLES | |||||
Pastoralism is on the decline as more of these people are integrated into global economy | |||||
Pastoralists are being forced off the land by competition from other users | |||||
Pastoralists are the most predominant form of subsistence ag today, meaning that under the forces of globalization, they survive better than shifting cultivation or intensive subsistence |
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THE FIRST AG REV WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR ESTABLISHING CIVILIZATION | |||||
The 1st Ag Rev: Beginnings & Early Spread, ran approximately pre 15 K BC to the 20th C |
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HG soc began experiments that developed the technology of ag | |||||
FOR CIVILIZATION TO FORM, HUMANKIND NEEDED TO ACCUMMULATE KNOWLEDGE OF HUSBANDRY, AG, FIRE, CONSTRUCTION, ETC. | |||||
As sufficient knowledge accumulated, subsistence, sedentary & nomadic agriculture became possible | |||||
The accummulation of knowledge related to animal husbandry, ag, & more, allowed people to live in villages | |||||
The 1st Ag Rev was founded on the development of domestication of animals & seeds | |||||
The use of plows & draft animals was developed soon after Ag was 1st established | |||||
It is widely believed that people 1st domestication wheat & goats, followed by rice, sheep, etc. | |||||
These domestications developed during the HG Era | |||||
Seed based agriculture occurred during roughly the same period in several regions around the world | |||||
THE FIRST AG REV ESTABLISHED HEARTH SOCIETIES IN MANY AREAS | |||||
The first ag rev created broad belt of cultivated land from SW Asia to Greece in the west into Turkey & Iran in the east as well as parts of Central & South America, Northern China, NE India & East Africa | |||||
The 1st agricultural revolution established village life | |||||
The domestication of plants & animals allowed for FOUR societal
innovations, including:
a. settled ways of life b. village construction c. exploitation & war d. the creation of new types of social, cultural, econ & political relationships, as compared to HG soc |
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The domestication of plants & animals diffused outward from the hearth areas |
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The 1st Ag Rev was important in the establishing of the hearths of civilization: e.g. in the fertile flood plains of the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers, the Nile River, Indus & Ganges rivers, the Huang river, etc. | |||||
There are SEVEN Qualities of the 1st Agricultural Revolution: Beginnings & Spread |
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a. Time span circa Pre 15 k BC to 20th C |
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b. Climax Neolithic Age to the Mid Ages in Europe | |||||
c. Location No Africa, Mid East, China, SE Asia, Europe | |||||
d. Innovation Initial selection & domestication of key species of plants & animals | |||||
e. Conditions of change Replaces H-G methods of production | |||||
f. Effect on society Agricultural society proliferates | |||||
g. Types of agriculture Subsistence |
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THE SECOND AG REV DID NOT OCCUR UNTIL THE MID AGES & WAS THE RESULT OF NEW AG TECH & PRACTICES ESP FERTILIZER & CROP ROTATION | |||||
The 2nd Ag Rev: Subsistence to Market runs from approximately 1650 to the present |
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There is much debate over the timing & location of the 2nd Ag Rev |
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The 2nd Ag Rev did not occur everywhere at the same time, & thus there is disagreement over what happened when & where | |||||
And there is disagreement over the essential causative factors | |||||
Subsistence, peasant agriculture was prevalent at beginning of the 2nd ag revolution |
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The partial development of the mkt econ in ag was established | |||||
THE TENURE (LAND OWNERSHIP) SYSTEM WAS TRANSITIONING FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM |
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Under the previous land tenure sys, the lords owned all the land, but during this era, it transitioned to the small family farm | |||||
Some "freemen" came to own land | |||||
The exploitation of the new world allowed private middle class ownership | |||||
Communal farms were replaced by enclosed, individual farms worked by tenants, renters, or yo men farmers | |||||
THERE ARE FOUR OUTCOMES OF THE 2ND AG REV INCLUDING: INCREASED OUTPUT, AG INNOVATIONS, FERT & FIELD DRAINAGE, & RAPID POP GROWTH |
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a. An important result was a great increase in the outputs of crops & livestock | |||||
b. An important result was the development of innovation, esp the yoke & the domesticated horse | |||||
c. An important result was the development of fertilizers & field drainage | |||||
d. An important result was rapid population growth | |||||
The Apex of 2nd Ag Rev & Industrial Rev coincide both geologically ( location ) & time wise: in western Europe |
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The Ag Rev needed the rise of industrialized manufacturing sector both to create the technology of agriculture & to provide a market for ag goods | |||||
FOUR IMPROVEMENTS IN TECH OCCURRED DURING THE 2ND AG REV INCLUDING: AG MACHINES, TRANSPORT, FERTILIZER, & ROTATION |
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a. The manufacturing of agricultural machines was an important tech improvement of the 2nd ag rev | |||||
b. Transportation tech was an important tech improvement of the 2nd ag rev | |||||
c. Fertilizer, both natural & processed, was an important tech improvement of the 2nd ag rev | |||||
d. Agricultural practices, esp crop & field rotation were an important tech improvement of the 2nd ag rev | |||||
THE SECOND AG REV CHANGED SOCIETY BY DIFFUSING TECH, ESTB CAPITALISM, ESTB THE SMALL FARM, GROWING DEPENDENCE ON MFR, ESTB INTL SYS, & POP GROWTH |
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a. The second ag rev changed society by diffusing the new ag tech via European colonization around the world | |||||
b. The second ag rev changed society by allowing / enhancing the dominance of capitalism | |||||
c. The second ag rev changed society by establishing the small farm an important form for innovation & ownership | |||||
d. The second ag rev changed society by creating an ag sys that was dependent on the manufacturing sector for farm inputs such as equip, fertilizer, & more | |||||
e. The second ag rev changed society by establishing a nascent international system of trade for ag products | |||||
f. The second ag rev changed society because the new, more efficient ag allowed for rapid pop growth in the country & the city | |||||
SEVEN QUALITIES OF THE 2ND AG REV: SUBSISTENCE TO MKTS | |||||
a. Time span circa 1650 to present | |||||
b. Climax The climax / height of the 2nd ag rev occurred during the 18th C in Europe & the 19th & 20th Cs in the European colonies | |||||
c. Location W Europe & No. America | |||||
d. Innovation Surplus production technology created a surplus of food & ag markets that created financial returns for food | |||||
e. Conditions of change A mercantilist outlook was established, & the ag demands of Industrial Rev were met | |||||
f. Effect on society Ag developed as a separate area of the economy & the family farm becomes the norm | |||||
g. Types of agriculture Commercial development in the frame of the family farm became an engine of entrepreneurialism & innovation |
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THE THIRD AG REV BEGAN MODERN FARMING & HI LEVELS OF MECHANIZATION & HI ENERGY USE IN PRODUCTION & PROCESSING | |||||
The 3rd ag rev ran from approximately from 1928 to the present & has created the ag industrial complex (AIC), ie a large, integrated ag sys from field, to industry, to the retailers | |||||
The 3rd ag rev emanates mostly from the New World & occurred in 20th C | |||||
The 3rd ag rev has allowed Earth's population to continue to sky rocket, esp as these ag techniques, which dramatically increase food production, have spread to the semi periphery & periphery | |||||
The 3rd ag rev requires tremendous inputs, & thus resource consumption in ag itself, ag mfr, ag processing, ag transport, & more requires large amts of energy that some experts believe is impractical as a global model, & unsustainable | |||||
Each of its 3 important developmental phases originated in No America | |||||
These processes completely industrialized the agricultural process | |||||
The industrialization of ag has not occurred uniformly nor universally throughout the globe |
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There are SIX Major Sectors of industrial ag, including:
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Ag has thus become linked to service sector | |||||
THE PHASES OF THE 3RD AG REV ARE MECHANIZATION, CHEM FARMING, & FOOD MANUFACTURING | |||||
Mechanization & chem farming affect ag inputs |
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The food manufacturing phase affects ag outputs | |||||
A. MECHANIZATION REPLACED HUMAN & ANIMAL LABOR IN AG, & CREATED A LARGE INDL MFR SECTOR | |||||
Mechanization in ag replace human & animal labor w/ tractors, plows, discs, sprayers, planters, cultivators, combines, trucks, grain dryers, etc. |
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Farm machinery became widely used around the 1920s |
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By the late 1940s, machinery had replaced human & animal labor | |||||
In Europe, mechanization didn't spread until after WW2 | |||||
B. CHEM FARMING, ESP FERT, HERBICIDES & INSECTICIDES, INCREASED AG OUTPUTS & CREATED A LARGE CHEM MFR SECTOR | |||||
Chemical farming includes the application of:
a. inorganic fertilizers b. herbicides c. fungicides d. pesticides & more |
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Chem farming became widespread in the 50s in US as major chem & ag corps developed new productions from liquid nitrogen fert to the herbicide Atrazine |
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Chem farming diffused to Europe in the 60s | |||||
Chem farming diffused to periphery in the 70s | |||||
Chem farming established the tech groundwork for the development of hybrid seeds & biotech methods | |||||
C. FOOD MANUFACTURING INCREASES THE VALUE & TRANSPORTABILITY OF FOOD & IN MANY WAYS CHANGES WHAT WE EAT & HOW WE EAT IT | |||||
Food manufacturing has used the manufacturing processes to increase the value of food by simplifying preparation & making it more convenient | |||||
The food manufacturing sector grew rapidly in the 1960s | |||||
The growth of food conglomerates: RJR Nabisco, etc., have been significant & set the stage for the next Ag Rev: Globalization | |||||
In many ways food mfr changes what we eat & how we eat it both at home & eating out in that prepared meals are common, & the variety of meals available has increased | |||||
Food mfr, including transport, refrigeration & freezing has made food from the entire globe available to anyone | |||||
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE 3RD AG REV ARE SIGNIFICANT | |||||
Industrialization has affected all 3 phases of the 3rd ag rev |
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Ag industrialization has moved the farm from being centerpiece of ag production to become 1 part of an integrated, multilevel (vertically organized) industrial process | |||||
The amt of energy required in today's ag sys is very large | |||||
Large scale ag farming can deplete the soil & harm indigenous species | |||||
Large scale ag farming consumes vast amt of water & many predict that aquifers will be drained in this century | |||||
Chem use in ag has been linked to increased cancer rates | |||||
The food produced by the ag industrial complex (AIC) is not healthy & has been linked to obesity, heart disease, cancer, birth defects, & more | |||||
Many experts believe the AIC & the present form of farming cannot be sustained | |||||
Alternatives to the AIC are being developed as some farmers develop new ag techniques that use less energy & chems | |||||
"Locavores," ie those who eat only locally grown food, demonstrate that this practice dramatically reduces the energy needed in the ag sysbecause transport is one of the largest inputs in the AIC | |||||
Without the increases in food output produced by the 3rd ag rev, the world's continued population explosion would have reached the tipping point of mass famine | |||||
The food output of the 3rd ag rev has allowed the world's pop to continue to growth rapidly | |||||
SEVEN QUALITIES OF THE 3RD AG REV: INDUSTRIALIZATION |
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a. Time span circa 1928 to present | |||||
b. Climax Present day | |||||
c. Location No America, Europe, USSR, E Europe | |||||
d. Innovation Lowest cost production methods crowd out healthy, humane ag sys | |||||
e. Conditions of change Ind ag established corporate & collective ag & the ag industrial complex (AIC) | |||||
f. Effect on society The focus on profit replaces the ag way of life | |||||
g. Types of agriculture Ag is commercially developed in the framework of corporation expansion & profit mandates |
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BIOTECHNOLOGY IS THE MANAGING OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR HUMAN BENEFIT |
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The best known form of biotechnology is genetic engineering, which involves altering the genes of a living organism | |||||
Examples of biotechnology include cell cultures, which are growths of animal or plant cells in the laboratory, & monoclonal antibodies, which are specialized protein molecules | |||||
Biotechnology has important applications in medicine, ag, industry, & other fields | |||||
Genetically altered microbes can manufacture a wide range of products, including human protein drugs, animal growth hormones, & raw materials for industrial chemicals | |||||
Biotechnology consists of the techniques that use living organisms
or parts of organisms to:
- make or modify products ( plants & animals ) - improve plants & animals - develop microorganisms for specific uses |
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There are FOUR fundamental biotechnological methods, including:
a. natural selection b. hybridization involves selective out breeding c. creating pure breeds involves selective in breeding d. genetic engineering |
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Genetic engineers involves gene splicing which creates transgenic organisms | |||||
Genetic engineers involves cloning which creates exact copies of organisms | |||||
Biotechnology is an emerging technology |
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Biotechnology involves both the use of technology to solve medical problems and the use of biological science to aid in industrial processes |
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Recent advances in genetic research have changed the ways in which people fight disease & hunger | |||||
The manipulation of the chemical info contained in cells has resulted in the creation of cells that make insulin & plastics, & plants that are more resistant to disease & yield larger amounts of food | |||||
Biotechnology assumes a belief in the superiority of science & technology |
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There is the assumption that biotechnological side effects can be controlled |
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Researchers such as Jeremy Rifkin challenge this |
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Biotechnology reduces ag costs |
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Biotechnology is used as resource management technique: replaces natural resources w/ manufactured ones |
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There have been many fruits of biotech, including:
- corn & soybeans which are more disease resistance - rice w/ increased levels of vitamin A - develop bacteria which limit frost damage to strawberries - trees such as the douglas fir which grow fast & big - trout which grow fast, but which are not approved for production, yet - oil eating bacteria - laundry detergent enzymes - medicine such as insulin, growth hormones, & more |
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It is now technologically possible to clone complex life forms, though cloning processes are not currently widely used in ag production |
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Scientists have successfully cloned sheep, pigs for organ harvesting, cats, dogs, & more | |||||
Japanese scientists cloned humans in the late 90s, but none of the fetuses were brought to term, & no living human is known to be a clone at this time | |||||
THERE ARE DANGERS INHERENT IN THE USE OF BIOTECH IN AG INCLUDING: DISEASE, ESCAPE, COSTS/STRAT, PATENTS / OWNERSHIP, & LABOR DISPLACEMENT |
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Biotechnology has generated public concern, particularly about the ethics and safety of certain uses of genetic engineering | |||||
In the US, a number of fed agencies regulate biotechnological research & its products. | |||||
1. MANY HYBRIDS, CLONES, ETC. ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISEASE, ETC. |
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The danger of mono cultures, i.e. the growing of large tracts of uniform crops or animals, is that they all have similar strengths & weaknesses & thus the entire population is susceptible to a given disease | |||||
In a mono cultural population, one disease, climate burble can decimate large tracts | |||||
Natural multi cultures are more resistant because they have a wide variety of strengths & weaknesses & thus a given disease will only impact a part of the population | |||||
2. MODIFIED LIFE FORMS MAY ESCAPE HUMAN CONTROL & RAVAGE NATURAL POPULATIONS OR THE ENV | |||||
Clones, hybrids, genetically modified life forms are a danger to the natural pop because like an invasive species, they may displace nat pops, which may be detrimental in & of itself, or they may convert the nat multi cultural pop to a mono cultural pop | |||||
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Monsanto has engineered seeds that 'expire' in that they create plants that produce only sterile seeds |
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If Monsanto's expiring seeds escaped into the natural pop, they could sterilize that pop |
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Engineered, rapidly growing fish could escape & destroy natural pops | |||||
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Hybridized 'farm fish' have already escaped during floods, & are negatively impacting natural pops of fish |
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3. MODIFIED LIFE FORMS, BECAUSE THE COST OF OWNERSHIP, PRODUCTION, & USE, MAY BE AVAILABLE TO SOME GRPS & NOT OTHERS, INCREASING THE LEVEL OF STRAT OF THE BASIC HUMAN NEED OF FOOD | |||||
Engineered ag has hi cost & powerful interests organize to sell these products, & in any mkt, some people may be priced out | |||||
Because only commercial farmers can afford them, this increases the gap btwn wealthy & poor ag regions | |||||
4. THE PATENTING/OWNERSHIP OF LIFE FORMS LIMITS ACCESS TO RESOURCES THAT WERE ONCE FREELY AVAILABLE TO ALL | |||||
Private ownership of biotech process is creating ownership of life & food to an extent never seen before | |||||
Ownership of life forms makes it possible for the world food supply to be controlled by corporations | |||||
5. EFFICIENCIES IN BIOTECH MAY SO REDUCE LABOR COSTS THAT TRADL AG PRACTICES MAY BE ELIMINATED, MAKING SOME NATIONS LESS SELF SUFFICIENT |
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The reduction of labor costs is an opportunity & a threat in any industry as the old ways are destroyed, sometimes there is a gap before new ways take hold | |||||
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New, more efficient modes of production often make a society more dependent on global systems which sometimes becomes a liability when compared to locally self sufficient systems | ||||
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The reduction of labor costs is an opportunity & a threat in any commercialization of ag |
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The reduction of labor costs allows the production of crops & animals in new areas, while reducing demand in traditional areas |
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The reduction of labor costs may displace traditional farmers & threaten local production |
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Links |
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- Project: Your Own Private, Fantasy Census |
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A CENSUS IS A SURVEY OF A POPULATION ON ANY NUMBER OF CHARACTERISTICS | |||||
A census is a survey conducted by a national govt to gather info about the society that it governs | |||||
Censuses examine such aspects of a nation as population, housing, ag, & mfr | |||||
A population census determines the size of a population & such information as the age, employment, income, race, & sex of people | |||||
Other censuses gather such data as the quality of housing or transportation, the level of ag or indl production, or the form of org of local govts | |||||
About 90 % of the world's nations conduct a population census | |||||
Governmental administration of a census helps ensure that the census serves the entire society | |||||
CENSUS INFO IS USED BY THE GOVT & THE PRIVATE SECTOR FOR MANY PURPOSES | |||||
National, state or provincial, & local govts analyze census data to determine the extent of econ & soc problems | |||||
Census data also helps identify the resources available to solve econ & soc problems | |||||
Most nat govts publish census info to make it available to the public | |||||
Business executives use census statistics to help them plan company policies | |||||
Economists & sociologists apply census data to the analysis of economic & social conditions | |||||
Welfare agencies also use census info | |||||
THE US CENSUS IS THE MOST THOROUGH | |||||
The US collects more varied & complete census info than any other nation | |||||
The Bureau of the Census, an agency of the Dept of Commerce, conducts all US fed censuses | |||||
For the 2000 census, the bureau employed about 860,0000 temporary wkrs | |||||
Recruiting, training, & managing such a large staff is expensive | |||||
The total cost of the 2000 census ranged from $6 billion to $10 billion | |||||
THE MAKE - UP OF THE US CENSUS IS EVOLVING | |||||
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The census is required by Fed Law to be taken every 10 yrs on the decade |
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Historically, the census has been a direct count, not a statistical estimate |
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For the 2000 census, there was much debate over this whether to count or estimate |
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The TWO primary uses of the Fed Census are:
a. to apportion seats in US House, b. to distribute fed funds to states, counties, & cities |
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The US census decided not to list "mixed race" as a category in 2000, but they have included that category since then |
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WHILE THE US CENSUS IS THE MOST THOROUGH, IT STILL HAS LIMITATIONS |
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A limitation of the census is that the 10 yr period btwn censuses is too long in that too many changes occur |
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A limitation of the census is that the 10 yr period btwn censuses is too short in that it is expensive & takes 4 yrs before & 4 yrs after to complete |
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The US census records info on race & ethnicity, but this may mask more important identities which are ignored |
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The US census must do an actual count & not statistical sampling, each of which have strengths & weaknesses |
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Any census is fairly accurate at determining pop growth w/in a 10 yr period, but much beyond it is less accurate |
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Because those who study pop are most interested in 50, 100 yr & longer, they often create low, middle, & high estimates |
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- Project: The Boomers & Gen X |
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A GENERATION IS A GROUP OF PEOPLE CATEGORIZED AROUND TIME & / OR A HISTL EVENT | |||||
A generation is the whole body of individuals who are born around the same general period of time | |||||
Generations include those past, the last, declining, the present, rising, & the next generations | |||||
A generation is commonly accepted to last 30 yrs | |||||
30 yrs is the average difference of age btwn 1 generation of a family & the next | |||||
Adults in a gen usually dominate / lead other gens for the 30 yrs they are in their peak career period, i.e. from about 30 to 60 yrs. of age | |||||
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There are many ways to categorize the American Generations |
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AMERICAN GENERATIONS | |||||
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The Revolutionary War Generation |
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The Early Westward Expansion Generation |
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The Civil War Generation/ the Late Westward Expansion Generation | |||||
The Gay 90's Generation | |||||
The Depression Era Generation | |||||
The Greatest Generation | |||||
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The Baby Boomers | ||||
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Gen X | ||||
EACH GENERATION HAS A UNIQUE LIFESTYLE & WORLDVIEW | |||||
Generations always overlap, usually 3 or 4 gens at a time as seen in the simultaneous existence of Gen X, Boomers, the Greatest Gen, & the Depression Era Gen | |||||
Despite the fact that gens co-exist they frequently have different lifestyles & worldviews | |||||
While gens share some experiences, frequently what divides one gen from another is a central histl experience as seen in those who experienced WW 2 & those who experienced the Vietnam War | |||||
Central histl experiences as well as general, everyday experiences come to define a gen & create its worldview |
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International Association of Baby Boomers http://www.boomersassoc.com/ |
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76 MM BABY BOOMERS WERE BORN IN ABOUT 2 DECADES AFTER WW2 |
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The post war baby boom was born btwn 1946 & 1964 & on average will die circa 2026 to 2044, w/ an estimated average life of 80 yrs | |||||
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The baby boom generation, aka the boomers, is the large group of people born in the US |
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During the period from 1946 to 1964 about 76 mm boomers were born |
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By contrast, births totaled about 50 mm during the same length of time before the baby boom & about 66 mm in the same period after it |
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The baby boom generation has had major effects on the economy, ed system, & other parts of American life |
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THE BOOMERS ARE UNIQUE BECAUSE THEY ARE LARGE, EDUCATED, & HAVE 'MIDDLE CLASS AFFLUENCE' | |||||
The boomers are presently the largest cohort & will remain so for the foreseeable future | |||||
The boomers are the most educated in history at this time | |||||
The boomers marry later, & more likely to divorce than WW2 generation, their parents | |||||
The boomers matured when the econ transitioned from a manufacturing economy to a service economy | |||||
The boomers are not as well off as their parents who had good times in the 50s | |||||
Female boomers have dramatically higher labor force participation | |||||
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THE BOOMERS ARE THE CHILDREN OF THE WW2 / GREAT DEPRESSION GENS |
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The baby boom followed the hard times of the Great Depression, which lasted throughout the 1930s; & America's participation in WW2, from Dec 1941 to Aug 1945 | |||||
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The parents of the boomers were the WW2 generation which Tom Brokaw called 'The Greatest Generation' |
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The WW2 gen is often the grandparents of Gen X |
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Prior to, during, & after the war, many new couples were barely out of their teens | |||||
The number of marriages & births soared after the war | |||||
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After WW2 there was a high rate of marriage overall, but not highest marriage rate |
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During this time, many Americans delayed marrying & having children because of the poor economy & the wartime conditions | |||||
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The number of children per mother of boomers increased |
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For the WW2 gen, women married earlier than previous generations |
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The dominant US political & econ encouraged marriage/families |
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Social & cultural factors relating to business & religion encourage the WW2 gen to have large families |
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At the same time, numerous older married couples who had delayed having children began to have them when the war ended. |
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Thus, the postwar period featured increased births among both younger & older American couples |
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WARS CREATE BABY BOOMS |
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Historically, birth rates have increased for a short period following difficult economic times & wars |
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However, the increase that began in the US after WW2 continued far beyond the usual time |
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The economy was a key reason in that in the 1950s & early 1960s ranked among the most prosperous eras in US history |
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Many couples felt economically able to support children | |||||
The ownership of automobiles & of single family houses, chiefly in suburbs, soared | |||||
These developments encouraged a lifestyle that was favorable to raising children & enjoying family life together | |||||
THE EFFECTS OF THE BABY BOOMERS WILL BE THE GREATEST IN THE NEXT 30 YRS | |||||
The baby boom generation has had major effects on American society because of its size | |||||
Because there are so many boomers, businesses have created special advertising & mkting campaigns to gain them as customers | |||||
When the baby boomers were young, a "youth culture" in American life emphasized their music, styles & fads, & slang | |||||
The size of the baby boom generation has also led to problems | |||||
When the boomers reached school age, schools became overcrowded | |||||
Some schools expanded to two shifts a day, & some added temporary structures to accommodate all the pupils | |||||
When the boomers reached college age, American higher education had to expand | |||||
Larger enrollments, along w/ inflation & other factors, pushed college costs higher | |||||
At times, the baby boomers faced relatively high levels of unemployment because they had to compete w/ one another for jobs | |||||
Their economic prospects have not always been as good as those their parents experienced | |||||
Perhaps in response to poorer economic conditions, boomers have tended to delay marriage & to have small families | |||||
THE BOOMERS HAVE WITNESSED MAJOR CHANGES IN SOCIETY | |||||
The Defining Moments of the Baby Boomers include the:
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THE BOOMERS WILL CONTINUE TO AFFECT AMERICAN LIFE | |||||
The educated workers of the boomers will stimulate the economy | |||||
The large size of the boomer gen has created a surplus of wkrs which has created a larger incidence of unemployment & underemployment | |||||
By 2030 there will be 65 mm Boomers over 65 yrs old | |||||
Aged boomers will overload the retirement & health care systems | |||||
When the generation reaches retirement age, its size will put a strain on programs designed to help senior citizens | |||||
Aged boomers will be a burden on Gen X unless Social Security & Health care systems are vastly improved now | |||||
The chief pension program, the Social Security system, provides money to retired people, using funds contributed by active workers | |||||
But w/o revisions in the system, Social Security's funds will run out when large numbers of boomers begin to retire | |||||
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Aged boomers will sell homes & create surplus of home real estate |
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Aged boomers will transfer wealth to Gen X |
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55 MM GEN Xers WERE BORN IN ABOUT 2 DECADES AFTER THE ONSET OF 'THE 60s' |
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Gen X was born btwn 1964 & 1980 & on average will die circa 2054 to 2070, w/ an estimated average life of 90 yrs |
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The Gen Xers grew up in smaller families than did their parents w/ the former growing up in, on average less than 2 child families, & the latter growing up in more than 3 child families |
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GEN Xers CONTINUE SOME OF THE TRENDS OF THE BOOMERS, & ALSO DIVERGE SOME |
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The number of births of Gen Xers has decline below the average boomer number of 4 mm / yr |
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The fertility rate of the boomers his a low of 1.7 children per woman of childbearing age |
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Because boomers, as compared to the WW2 gen, are more likely to stay single or divorced, they had smaller families |
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Boomers are more likely, as compared to the WW2 gen, to be a single parent w/ a single child |
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In boomer families of procreation, the mother is slightly more likely to work than the father, which is a complete reversal from their family or origin dynamics where few mothers worked |
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Because the boomers, as compared to the WW2 gen, are less well off, moving down from higher mid class to lower mid class, Gen Xers are growing up in more mid class families |
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DEMOGRAPHIC INFO SHOWS THAT GEN Xers ARE A SMALLER COHORT THAN THEIR PARENTS |
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- Supplement: The Gen X Webpage shows the unique socio histl existence, experiences, & issues of Gen X as they come to adulthood |
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- Supplement: The 1970 Population Pyramid & Age Distribution Chart shows that the Gen Xers, i.e. those under 14 yrs of age are a smaller cohort than earlier generations |
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- Supplement: The 1980 Population Pyramid & Age Distribution Chart shows that the Gen Xers, i.e. those under 14 yrs of age are experiencing a continuation of the trend of being a smaller cohort than earlier generations |
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- Supplement: The 1990 Population Pyramid & Age Distribution Chart shows that the Gen Xers, i.e. those under 24 yrs of age are experiencing a continuation of the trend of being a smaller cohort than earlier generations, but the declining trend is beginning to abate in that those under 5 yrs of age are a larger cohort than those that preceded them |
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- Supplement: The 1990 Bar Chart on 15-24 Year Olds, i.e. the Gen Xers, shows that the most common causes are injury, homicide, & suicide, all which are 'youthful causes of death' which will decline as 'senior causes of death' such as disease come into play |
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GEN Xers CONTINUE SOME OF THE TRENDS OF THEIR PARENTS, & END OTHERS |
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Few Gen Xers are blue collar workers, & many are tech wkrs & service wkrs | |||||
In the long term, the level of income Gen Xers can expect to earn is uncertain, but they are doing slightly better than their parents, i.e. the boomers, at this stage of their life | |||||
They have surpassed the boomers to become the most highly educated generation in American history | |||||
Continuing the trend, Gen Xers are less likely to marry than boomers, who were less likely to marry than the WW2 gen | |||||
Reversing the trend, Gen Xers are less likely to divorce than boomers, who were more likely to divorce than the WW2 gen | |||||
Continuing the trend, Gen Xers have smaller families than boomers, who had smaller families than the WW2 gen | |||||
Gen Xers are more religious than their parents the boomers, & have returned to traditional religions | |||||
The Gen Xers experienced relative peace & prosperity, until 9 - 11, at which time they experienced the beginning of what may be the cold war on terrorism | |||||
PRESENTLY, 9 - 11 IS THE DEFINING MOMENT OF THE GEN Xers | |||||
Some of the early defining moments of the Gen Xers such as the breakup of the SU, the War in Somalia in early 1990s or the War in former Yugoslavia, late 1990s are important historically but do not rise to the level of WW2 or the events of the 1960s | |||||
The millennium milestone was a joyous event for the Gen Xers & all | |||||
The impact of Sept 11, 2001 will perhaps be the defining moment of Gen X w/ the wars in a Afghanistan & Iraq as perhaps greater importance | |||||
THE GEN Xers HAVE ONLY JUST BEGUN TO IMPACT WORLD HISTORY | |||||
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In the future, there will be more jobs available when the boomers retire |
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The Gen Xers will pay more for Social Security, unless it is fixed now |
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The Gen Xers will be at center of generational equity debate since they will control the econ when the boomers retire | |||||
The Gen Xers are beginning to experience a new "Cold War" against Terrorism which may continue throughout their lives |
Links |
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Links |
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- Project: SIA Variable 1: Population |
|
||||
There are EIGHT Major SIA variables
1. Population characteristics 2. Community & institutional structure 3. Political & social resources 4. Individual & family factors 5. Community resources 6. Knowledge, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Attitudes, Opinions, Interests, Ideologies 7. Lifestyles 8. Economics |
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1. Population characteristics |
|
||||
In SIA, when examining population characteristics, the assessment shall determine, catalogue, & analyze the: | |||||
- stratification of the affected population |
|
||||
- current struc & org of affected population |
|
||||
- stability or change in the population |
|
||||
- number density, & distribution of residents & visitors including seasonal variations | |||||
- ethnic, racial, religious econ, soc groups, et al, & the distinctions among them |
|
||||
- wealth, poverty, employment, & income dist |
|
||||
- employment sectors in the affected area |
|
||||
- unemployment rate |
|
||||
- types of employed people ( particularly affected by the action under review ) |
|
||||
- seasonal changes, or other kinds of influx & outflow |
|
||||
- age & sex of residents & visitors | |||||
- amount of immigration & the % of immigrants | |||||
- available human resources such as ed level, talents, skills, training & ed resources, etc. | |||||
- nature of each quality of population according to the various alternatives of the SIA project |
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Links |
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POPULATION GROWTH DIRECTLY IMPACTS THE ENV WHICH LEADS TO IMPACTS IN OTHER AREAS OF THE PHYS & SOC ENV |
|
||||
An analysis of the general effects of pop growth shows that it has both direct & indirect effects & that there is, in fact, a long causal chain of events from pop growth to many other effects |
|
||||
|
The Chart on the Effects of Pop Growth shows that env destruction is one of the most central effects of pop growth & that it leads directly to social ills such as scarcity & poverty | ||||
Thus pop growth is a indirect cause of many physical & soc problems in the world today |
|
||||
Pop growth creates scarcity which creates poverty & want which leads to many soc ills such as crime & violence |
|
||||
One of the more direct, or immediate effects of pop growth is the impact on the env |
|
||||
|
POPULATION GROWTH INCREASES CONSUMPTION WHICH INCREASES IMPACT ON THE ENV |
|
|||
Many experts worry that people in rich & poor countries alike consume too much, destroy forests & soil, pollute the env, & damage prospects for human survival on Earth | |||||
The most immediate impact of pop on the env comes via the increased levels of consumption | |||||
Consumption increases in all areas including food, & the use of 'natural resources' from timber, to minerals, to fossil fuels | |||||
The direct negative effects of population on the env include air pollution, water pollution, etc., the production of haz mat, as well as simply changing the nature of ecozones so that they become unsustainable, e.g. CO2, urban sprawl, deforestation & replacement w/ monocultural flora such as food crops | |||||
POPULATION GROWTH IMPACTS FOOD PRODUCTION WHICH IMPACTS THE ENV | |||||
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The earliest impact of pop growth on the env related to food production |
|
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Anthropological ecologists have found that hunter gatherers & ancient civilizations had significant impacts on their env |
|
||||
Hunter gatherers & ancient peoples' search for food caused or contributed to overgrazing which caused extreme changes in regional ecozones such as the Mideast or the UK |
|
||||
Hunter gatherers & ancient peoples' search for food caused or contributed to over hunting which caused the extinction of flora & fauna |
|
||||
Today the impact of ag is greater than it has ever been in that it contributes to deforestation around the world but esp in So Am & the So Pacific islands |
|
||||
The ecological effects of western patterns of meat production are well documented |
|
||||
Regions of forest around the world, but esp in So Am & the So Pacific islands are cut & transformed to crop land |
|
||||
The crop lands of So Am & the So Pacific islands cannot sustain this practice so they ransform it to grazing land |
|
||||
Both crop land & grazing land of deforested land is used for meat production | |||||
But much of the land cannot even maintain grazing & soon becomes depleted, some of it turning to desert | |||||
|
The meat finds its way to Western mkts, esp fast food | ||||
|
POPULATION PRESSURE IMPACTS THOSE AREAS WE TRY TO PRESERVE: NAT PARKS, WILDERENSSS, ETC. |
|
|||
|
One of the areas where pop effects on the env are notable, & even ironic, can be seen in the areas we have chosen to protect such as nat parks, wilderness areas, & other recreational areas |
|
|||
The world's nat parks have experienced dramatic growth in tourism during the 1900s | |||||
The increase in tourism is a result of both pop growth & the growth of leisure & disposable inc among that growing pop | |||||
Some popular parks are actually endangered by their admiring visitors, esp in the US, Japan, & other wealthy nations w/ large pops | |||||
Too many visitors can harm the natural envs that nat parks are set aside to protect | |||||
In some popular nat parks, for example, visitors' automobiles create traffic jams, kill wildlife, & pollute the air | |||||
In addition, overcrowded campgrounds increase the level of litter & destroy the unspoiled beauty of scenic areas | |||||
Overcrowding creates a difficult choice for park mgrs | |||||
Tourist spending demonstrates that park preservation has econ as well as spiritual value | |||||
In fact, income from tourists visiting the nat parks in Africa is vital to the economies of many nations there | |||||
Nevertheless, mgrs have had to limit the number of cars & campers, & to estb other restrictions to protect park resources for future generations | |||||
POPULATION GROWTH THREATENS NATIVE PEOPLES | |||||
If one considers people to be part to the env, then the preservation of native peoples is a concern | |||||
The peoples who live in & near nat parks are especially concerned about who benefits from tourism in the parks | |||||
In some countries, the benefits have gone to political officials who control the parks & to large foreign based corps | |||||
The original inhabitants may then see the parks as a foreign idea & one damaging to their lives | |||||
As a result, they may oppose the establishment & preservation of nat parks | |||||
Some park mgrs concerned for the rights of local peoples look to New Zealand & Australia for solutions | |||||
The Maori & the Aborigines support the creation of nat parks as a way to preserve their sacred places & tradl ways of life | |||||
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The coop of the Aboriginal groups & the Australian Nat Park & Wildlife Service at Kakadu Nat Park, for example, may serve as a model for other nations |
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The End
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