Richest                                     Poorest
Econ / work                              Family
Military                                    Peers
Govt                                         Education

4.  Work / econ
5.  Government
6.  Military
7.  Charity
    Are believed to emerge when the 1st glimmers of civilization began

8.  Education
9.  Media
    Emerged early in history, but were only for the elites until the modern era when they became widely available

10.  Leisure / recreation
       Is a product of the late stages industrial revolution

Contact Information
Economics, CBA 357
P.O. Box 880489
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Lincoln, NE 68588-0489, USA
Phone: (402) 472-4995
Fax: (402) 472-9700
E-mail: redwards1@unl.edu

Edwards, Richard.  Contested Terrain, 1979.  NY:  Basic Books 
Rights at Work (Brookings, 1993); 
The Forgotten Link, with Paolo Garonna (Rowman and Littlefield, 1991);
Understanding Capitalism, with Samuel Bowles and Frank Roosevelt (Oxford University Press, 2005); 

Joined Midvale Steel Works in Philly in 1878 as a worker.  After his apprenticeship at the hydraulic works plant, he became a common laborer at the Midvale Steel Company. He started as shop clerk & quickly progressed to machinist, foreman, maintenance foreman, and chief draftsman. Within six years he advanced to research director, then chief engineer. While working there he introduced piece work in the factory. His goal was to find the most efficient way to perform specific tasks. He closely watched how work was done and would then measure the quantity produced (Kanigel 44). Left in 1890 as chief engineer. 

Taylor became an independent consulting engineer, focusing on efficiency.  His most important client became Bethlehem Iron Company.  In his last years Frederick felt misunderstood by quick-fix managers and zealous unionists, and wronged by consultant imitators. His energy was sapped by the constant attention he paid to his wife's severe illnesses. While on a speaking tour in the Midwest, in 1915, he contracted influenza. He was admitted to a hospital in Philadelphia and celebrated his fifty-ninth birthday there. He died the next day.

Taylor, Frederich W.  The Principles of Scientific Management.  1911.  NY:  Harper & Row. 

Michael Burawoy
 

Michael Burawoy has studied industrial workplaces in different parts of the world -- Zambia, Chicago, Hungary and Russia -- through participant observation. In his different projects he has tried to cast light -- from the standpoint of the workplace -- on the nature of post colonialism, on the organization of consent to capitalism, on the peculiar forms of working class consciousness and work organization in state socialism, and on the dilemmas of transition from socialism to capitalism. During the 1990s he studied post Soviet decline as “economic involution”: how the Russian economy was driven by the expansion of a range of intermediary organizations operating in the sphere of exchange (trade, finance, barter, new forms of money), and how the productive economy recentered on households and especially women. No longer able to work in factories, most recently he has turned to the study of his own workplace – the university – to consider the way sociology itself is produced and then disseminated to diverse publics. Over the course of his research and teaching, he has developed theoretically driven methodologies that allow broad conclusions to be drawn from ethnographic research and case studies. These methodologies are represented in Global Ethnography a book coauthored with 9 graduate students, which shows how globalization can be studied "from below" through participation in the lives of those who experience it. Throughout his sociological career he has engaged with Marxism, seeking to reconstruct it in the light of his research and more broadly in the light of historical challenges of the late 20th and early 21st. centuries.

University Address 
Department of Sociology
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720
Telephone: 510-643-1958
email: burawoy@berkeley.edu

2000  Global Ethnography: Forces, Connections and Imaginations in a Postmodern World. Berkeley: University of California Press (w/ 9 coauthors)
1998  Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Post Socialist World. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Edited w/ Katherine Verdery. 
1992  The Radiant Past: Ideology and Reality in Hungary's Road to Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (w/ János Lukacs)
1991  Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press. (w/ 10 coauthors)
1985  The Politics of Production: Factory Regimes Under Capitalism and Socialism. London: Verso. 
1983  Marxist Inquiries: Studies of Labor, Class & States. Chicago: Un of Chicago Press. Supplement to the Am Jo of Soc edited w/ Theda Skocpol.
1979  Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
1972  The Colour of Class on the Copper Mines: From African Advancement to Zambianization. Manchester: Manchester University Press.