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  Review Notes: Terrorism
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Overview of Terrorism  
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    Terrorists & Freedom Fighters:  Terrorism & War   
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History of Terrorism  
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    Terrorist Attacks  
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        1886, The Haymarket Square Bombing & Riots  
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        1983, Beirut Marine Barracks Truck Bomb Attack  
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        1988, Pan Am Flight 103 Bombing  
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        1993, The WTC Bombing  
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        1995, Oklahoma City Bombing  
          1996, Khobar Tower Bombing  
          2000, USS Cole Bombing  
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        2001, 9 / 11 Attack
 
  Terrorist Organizations  
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        The IRA  
          al Qaeda   
          The PLO, al Fatah, Hamas   
          Hezbollah   
          Left & Right Wing Extremism in the US   
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There are FOUR Types of Terrorism  
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    a.  Vigilante Terrorism  
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          The KKK  
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    b.  Insurgent Terrorism  
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          The Molly Maguires  
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    c.  Transnational Terrorism  
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    d.  State Terrorism  
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         Govts & Terrorism  
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Causes of Terrorism -- Theories  
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    a.  Psychological Causes of Terrorism  
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    b.  Structural Causes of Terrorism  
  Other Topics on Terrorism  
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    Media's Coverage of Terrorism  
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    Gender & Terrorism  
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    Countering Terrorism  

 
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 Outline on  Terrorism
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Terrorism is the use of violence, usually against civilian targets, as a means of intimidation or social control
 
 
Terrorism is the use of violence usually by nongovt groups to achieve political ends
 
 
Terrorism is the use of terrorizing methods to produce a state of fear & submission
 
  Terrorism is the use or threat of violence to create fear & alarm, & or to inflict harm  
  Terrorists murder and kidnap people, set off bombs, hijack airplanes, set fires, and commit other serious crimes  
  But the goals of terrorists differ from those of ordinary criminals in that most criminals want money or some other form of personal gain  
  But most terrorists commit crimes to support political causes  
  The word terrorism first appeared during the French Revolution (1789-1799)  
 
The term terrorism came into use in the modern sense during the Reign of Terror in France & also in Russia to describe a political party who aimed at the demoralization of the govt by terror
 
  Some of the revolutionaries who seized power in France adopted a policy of violence against their enemies  
  The period of the rule of Fr Revolutionaries became known as the Reign of Terror  
 
See Also:  The History of Terrorism  
  Terrorism can be committed either by clandestine orgs or by govts, or by the two in cooperation
 
  Clandestine orgs that commit terrorism are usually associated w/ insurgent groups, militant & highly ideological protest groups that are generally revolutionary
 
  See Also:  Rationality & Collective Behavior
 
  Clauswitz ( 1780-1831 ) held that war is "nothing but a continuation of political intercourse w/ an admixture of other means;" i.e. war is politics by other means, or war is an extension of politics
 
  In the Clauswitzian sense, terrorism is war by other means; terrorism is politics by other means
 
  While in many cases the line btwn behaviors that are labeled as terrorism or war is clearly understood by all, there are nearly as many cases where it is not
 
  Often the labeling of a behavior as war or terrorism is drawn by the more powerful, the victor
 
  For Clauswitz, "War is thus an act of force to compel our adversary to do our will."  Force, "that is to say physical forces, [is the] means; to impose our will upon the enemy is the object."
 
  The goals of war & terrorism are often the same, thus the causes of war are often similar in form to the causes of terrorism
 
  The participants in war are often different than the participants in terrorism because war is by definition, conflict conducted by states, & while some terrorism is conducted by states, it is often conducted by nongovt orgs
 
  Terrorism is often used as an alternative to war since terrorists have no state resources & few other resources w/ which to conduct war
 
  States & terrorists sometimes use terrorist tactics when their primary objective is intimidation or fear because they believe war would be ineffective or possibly too costly
 
  Terrorists:
 
 
International terrorists are generally well educated rebels, & not poor, who act on behalf of an ideology, are "true believers," are "ideological purists," & see their own view as "correct" & see those who disagree w/ them as being in need of "education"  
 
Terrorists groups often form among ethnic or religious separatists or nationalists who seek to create their own state apart form the larger society in which they live
 
  Osama Bin Laden's Al Queda network is based on fundamentalist Islamic nationalism  
  French speaking separatists in Quebec, Canada are united by their common heritage  
  Basque separatists in Spain are an ethnic group  
  Palestinians in the Mideast share a common religion & nationalistic group  
  In general, domestic terrorists in the US such as the Ku Klux Klan, various neo Nazi & "skinhead" groups, radical environmentalists groups such as the ELF, & radical animal rights groups are linked less by religion & ethnicity than by ideology  
  Domestic terrorists in the US tend to be poor & relatively uneducated although their leaders probably have more ed  
  Counter mvmt terrorists in the US include antiabortionists & the Ku Klux Klan  
  Terror Tactics:  
  Terrorists tend to specialize in one or a few types of violence such as bombings, assassinations, armed assaults, kidnapping, hostage taking, hijackings, etc., however, terrorists may also use crimes of opportunity such as bioterrorism, nuclear terrorism, chemical terrorism, using airliners as missiles, etc.   

 
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 Outline on   Terrorists & Freedom Fighters:  Terrorism & War
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  Collective violence is any violence done by groups of people to advance or impede the goal of social change  
  The types of collective violence include:  war, riots, revolution, terrorism, lynching, & vigilantism  
  Terrorism is the use of violence & threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes
 
  Terrorism is the use of unexpected violence to intimidate or coerce people in the pursuit of political or social objectives  (Ted Robert Gurr, 1989b, p. 201)
 
  War is conflict carried on by force of arms, as btwn states or btwn parties w/in a state; war is a general conflict  
  Lao Tsu said that war is politics by other means  
  Terrorism is war by other means  
  War first developed as total war:  a war among armies & the "innocent public," who was killed when possible  
  There were no "rules of war;" mass slaughter, rape, torture, burning towns to the ground, etc. was common  
  Over the ages, some rules of war developed among some nations or even for just one battle  
  War evolved into gentlemen's war in the Europe in the middle ages, where the major nations all followed strict codes of honor  
  Guerilla war evolved at the end of the middle ages & was seen as unhonorable  
  War evolved back into total war & included civilians in WW 2 in that both side relentlessly bombed & fire bombed civilian targets such as cities  
  The industrialization of war created the capacity for genocide against the Jews et al, & for the mass destruction of civilians, cities & countrysides  
  Today international law allows for warring parties to destroy each others civilian population  
  Many scholars & ethicists ask, "Is the bombing of Dresden or Hiroshima, Bosnia, N Vietnam, etc. terrorism?"  
  The concept of terrorism highlights the fact that anyone, including innocent people, are often the target of terrorists  
  Philosopher Loren E. Lomasky (1991, p. 107) observes that terrorists, unlike Robin Hood, typically don't distinguish btwn the guilty & the innocent; btwn justifiable victims & unjustifiable victims  
  Lomasky notes that, "The enemy is only incidentally particular individuals who cross the terrorist's path; more fundamentally it is the civil order."  
  One major reason for the confusion btwn terrorism & war is that the media often offers a simplistic or unexamined view of the nature of terrorism
 
  Govts, the US govt & many other govts, often offer a simplistic definition or depiction of terrorism that serves their own political interests & denies the interests of other groups, & paints terrorism as being something other than war
 
  Terrorism is often confused w/ "terror" & terrorize" which connote the threat of the violence & stems from the Latin "to frighten"
 
  The term "terrorism" originated from the Reign of Terror that characterized the French Revolution
 
  The origins of the concept of terrorism thus lie in the vicious acts of a common criminal against a terrorized victim:
-  a violent street gang terrorized a whole neighborhood
-  a stalker forces a woman to live in terror of attack
 
  These acts involve the common, tragic acts that involve the fear that terror & terrorism connote, but they do not involve the essential political activity that lies at the heart of most definitions of terrorism
 
  But some analysts would include terrorism as being political acts, but w/o a state  
  Terrorism often is synonymous w/ hideous, irrational acts of violence committed by slovenly, immoral individuals in an attempt to de-politicize it
 
  The major difference btwn war & terrorism is that the latter focuses on killing civilians while the former focuses on killing military personnel & civilians
 
  One persons terrorist is another's freedom fighter
 
  Many people in Northern Ireland & many Irish American in the US view the IRA as heroes struggling  against the British govt
 
  Others see the IRA's bombings & other tactics as illegal, immoral terrorism
 
  Many in the mid East view the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) & other groups as freedom fighters
 
  The US & Israel as view the PLO as terrorists
 
  Cheychnan rebels...
 
  Sandanistas, contras, etc.
 
 
Grant Wardlaw (1989) summarizes these definitional problems by saying that terrorism is, at heart, a "moral problem"
 
  By labeling certain behaviors as terrorism & the people who commit them as terrorist, we implicitly condemn both the acts & the actors
 
  By not labeling certain, similar behaviors as terrorism / terrorists, we implicitly condone both the acts & the actors  
  Terrorism includes acts of violence that are more random than war, war is more systematic than terrorism  
  Jack P. Gibbs (1989, p. 329) holds that any definition of terrorism "may reflect ideological or political bias"  
  Terrorism encompasses the act or the threat of violence, fear & political change  
  The term political terrorism is redundant, but does emphasize the political nature of terrorism  
  Are workplace, school shootings, wilding, etc. political?  Are they terrorism?  
  2001:  President GW Bush denies the terrorist/freedom fighter dichotomy by saying that nations are either on the side of terrorism or on the side against terrorism  
  This "Bush Doctrine" has been criticized by Republicans in his own party in that Bush still negotiates w/ terrorists such as the PLO's Yasser Arafat  
  Terrorism is difficult to define because there are many types of terrorism  

 
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 Outline on the  History of Terrorism
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What is now considered to be terrorist behavior is as old as humanity, though these acts were considered neither terrorist nor abnormal 
 
  Terrorist tactics have been used for millennia  
  In the early days, the customs of armies depended on might, rather than right & there were no laws of war as we know them today  
  Prisoners of war were slain or made slaves & captured towns & cities were sacked, ravished, & burned & the conqueror's will was supreme  
  Over the centuries, civilization brought ameliorating changes & proper treatment of prisoners, the sick & wounded, & the civil population became recognized sometimes by special agreement or conventions btwn belligerents or local commanders, sometimes because of a more civilized influence of the victory  
  Ancient Greek, Assyrian, & Roman soldiers used carcasses of animals that had died of anthrax to poison wells  
 
Sparticus pillaged the Roman countryside & slaughtered 10's of thousands of solders who had surrendered & Rome responded in kind & then crucified over 6,000 of the insurgents
 
 
Atilla the Hun would command a city to surrender, & if they did not he would have everyone killed
 
  When laying siege to a castle or city, attackers would catapult anthrax bearing animals, or diseased human over the walls to infect the population  
 
Political assassination, ambushes, guerilla warfare, torture, mass murder, etc. all were common
 
 
It was not until the middle ages when some limited rules of war were developed that some behaviors became unacceptable
 
 
It was not until the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, 1789, that the term terrorism came to have its modern meaning as a crime, a war crime
 
 
The US revolutionary army including the Minute Men all who utilized guerilla war tactics were considered terrorists by the British who preferred the "field of honor" battlefield
 
  During the Indian wars, British & Am soldiers & intentionally infected Native Americans w/ measles  
 
The Molly McGuires were inspired by a group of insurgent terrorists in Ireland in the 1840s who in the 1860s & later engaged in terrorism in the coal fields to win worker rights
 
  The coal companies responded in kind & all the Mollies were killed or executed  
 
See Also:  Molly Maguires  
  An Am grp, the Ku Klux Klan, used violence to terrorize blacks & their sympathizers in the late 1800s & the 1900s  
  For many, slavery itself, as well as the methods used to maintain it are a form of terrorism  
  From 1885 to 1900, over 2,500 lynchings of blacks occurred  
 
In 1886 the Haymarket Square riot was instigated by a terrorist bomb
 
 
The perpetrator of the Haymarket bombing will be forever one of history's mysteries but he/she was either a low level Labor advocate, an anarchist, or some official (of the police or govt) who wanted to instigate trouble in order to blame Labor or the anarchists
 
 
See Also:  Haymarket Square  
 
In 1910, union activists bombed the Los Angeles Times newspaper, killing 21
 
 
In 1914, a Serbian national assassinated the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, providing the spark that started WW 1
 
 
In the 1930's, the dictators Adolf Hitler of Germany, BenitoMussolini of Italy, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union used state terrorism to discourage opposition to their governments
 
 
After centuries of conflict w/ Britain, in 1920, Ireland was divided into Ireland & Northern Ireland, & guerilla war broke out
 
  Terrorist bombing by Irish Catholics, & military domination by British soldiers continues today, but in the 2000s there has been a lengthy truce  
 
Operations of war by civilized countries are governed by rules known as the Laws of War  
 
Some of the Laws of War, like the British or Am common law, are unwritten, although generally recognized while others are set in treaties & conventions to which many nations are parties  
 
The bases of the laws of war are military necessity, humanity, & chivalry  
 
Many of the important written laws of war are contained in the Hague conventions of 1899 & 1907 which deal w/ the opening of hostilities, the laws & customs of war on land, the duties & rights of neutrals, submarine mines, bombardment by naval forces, & projectiles from balloons, & the Geneva conventions of 1929 on the treatment of prisoners  
 
Violations of the Hague & Geneva conventions by sneak attacks & other terrorist methodologies are considered to be war crimes  
 
During WW 2, the fire bombing of London, Dresden, Germany, Tokyo, etc. were considered by some to be terrorist acts since they were attacks on civilian centers, while others maintained that since civilians were now an integral part of the Military Industrial Congressional Complex, such attacks were justified  
 
After WW 2, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was composed of one Am, Brit, Fr, & Russian judge  
 
Nuremberg confirmed older policies that there is a distinction btwn just & unjust war in that the unjust war is a war of aggression or a war which violates a peace treaty while just war is one that defends or responds to an attack on an ally  
 
Nuremberg also developed the concept of crimes against humanity which include murder, extermination, deportation, torture, & other mass atrocities, persecutions of entire racial, religious, & political groups provided such crimes are committed w/ crimes against peace, i.e. during a war of aggression  
 
Nuremberg thus left open the question of whether the complicity of govt against entire groups of its own population constitutes a crime against humanity  
 
Many terrorist acts can be considered war crimes as in crimes against peace & the more massive terrorist attacks could be considered as crimes against humanity  
  Before the independence of Israel in 1948, a Jewish group used terror to speed the end of British rule in Palestine and create a Jewish homeland  
 
As recently as the 1950s, terrorism in the form of lynchings of Blacks continued in the US
 
  Another wave of terrorism began in the 1960's which had operations in many western nations & was politically inspired  
  Terrorist groups included the Red Brigades in Italy, which was active until the late 1980's, and the Red Army Faction in West Germany, which was active until the early 1990's  
  Both the Italian Red Brigade & the German Red Army Faction sought the destruction of the political & econ systems in their home countries & the development of new systems  
  Since 1960, Palestinian groups, including Hamas & Hezbollah, have carried out campaigns of terrorism aimed at establishing an independent Palestinian state  
 
In 1972, Palestinian terrorists murdered Israeli Olympians 
 
 
Since the inception of Israel, terrorism has become a method of war of Arab groups against Israelis  
 
In the 1970s, "DB Cooper" developed the innovation of airline hijacking & since then it has become an important terrorist weapon  
 
Recent Terrorist Acts Against the US:   
  198?:  Bomb in German nightclub kills Am servicemen   
  198?:  Truck bomb in Lebanon against Am barracks  
  1993:  Bombing of Airliner over Lockerbee, Scotland  
  1993:  Truck Bomb attack on the WTC by Mideasterners.  A bomb exploded in the parking garage of the World Trade Center in New York City.  The next year, a federal court convicted four men, including two Palestinians, of planning the bombing  
  1995:  Truck bomb attack on the Murrah Fed building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma by Am anti federalists, w/ 168 fatalities  
  1995:  Members of Aum Shinrikyo kill 12 Japanese w/ a release of sarin gas on a subway  
  1996:  Package bomb attack at Atlanta's Olympic Centennial Park by an Am  
  1996:  Khonar Towers in Saudi Arabia are bombed, killing 19 US service members & 1 Saudi  
  1998:  Bombing of a US embassy in Kenya & Tanzania, Africa, w/ 224 fatalities  
  2000:  Small boat, suicide bomb on the USS Cole in Yemen by Mideasterners  
  2001:  Airliner attacks succeed against the WTC & Pentagon, fail against the Capital Bldg, by Mideasterners, w/ over 3,000 fatalities  
  Khonar Towers in Saudi Arabia
the Sarin release in the Tokyo Subway
 

 
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  Outline of   Terrorist Attacks
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-  Supplement:  List of Terrorist Attach:  Wikipedia
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  -  Project:  Terrorist Attacks, Types, & Counter Measures
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TERRORIST ATTACKS AGAINST THE US OR US PERSONNEL
 
  1886, The Haymarket Square Bombing & Riot killed 7 police & 4 workers & over 100 were injured  
  On April 18, 1983 a car bomb at the US Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, kills 17  
 
On October 23, 1983 the bombing of the US Marine barracks in Beirut, Lebanon, kills 241  
  On September 20, 1984 a bombing at the US Embassy annex in Beirut, Lebanon, kills 16 & injures the US ambassador  
  On June 14, 1985 Shiite Muslim gunmen hijack a TWA jet carrying 153 passengers & crew, mostly Americans, shortly after takeoff from Athens, Greece. A US serviceman, Robert Dean Stethem, 23, was killed & his body was thrown on the tarmac at the airport in Beirut, Lebanon & thirty nine others were held hostage for 17 days before being released  
  On September 5, 1986 hijackers take over a Pan Am jet at Karachi Airport in Pakistan where twenty people are killed when security forces storm the plane  
 
On December 21, 1988: The bombing of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, kills 270, mostly Americans  
 
On February 26, 1993: Terrorist bombers strike the World Trade Center, killing six people and injuring more than 1,000 others  
  During 1993- 2007 there were more than 20 terrorist acts against abortion clinics, including murders, bombings, threats, etc.   
 
On April 19, 1995 a truck bomb at the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, kills 168 & wounds more than 500 others  
  On November 13, 1995 a bomb at US military headquarters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, kills five US service personnel  
  On 1996, a bomb at the Atlanta, Olympic Centential Park Bombing killed 2 & injured 111 to protest abortion  
 
On June 1996 a bomb at the US barracks at the Khobar Tower Hotel in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, kills 19 Americans & injures 500 people
 
  On August 7, 1998 the twin bombings at the US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, & Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, kill 224 people & wound thousands of others  
 
On October 12, 2000 a suicide bomb attack on the USS Cole in Yemen's Aden harbor kills 17 American sailors & wounds 39 others
 
 
On 2001, Sept 9, aka 9 / 11, airplanes flow by suicide attacker crash into the WTC in NYC & the Pentagon in Washington DC killing almost 3,000  
  CNN:  America Under Attack:  Recent terrorism attacks targeting the United States, Sept. 2001  
  OTHER TERRORIST ATTACKS  
  During the 1789 French Revolution thousands are executed during the Reign of Terror:   
  In 1972 during the Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian militant group Black September, a group with ties to Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization, killing 11 Israilis & 1 W German police officer & the attackers  
  In 1996 in Japan a subway is attacked w/ sarin gas killing 12 wounding 50  
  In 2004 in Madrid, Spain a train bombing killed 191 & wounded 2,050,  aka Spains 3 - 11   
 
In 2005 London train & buses are bombed  
  In 2007, in the UK, Glasgow Scotland, a car bomb kills no one but the bombers  

 
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 Outline on the  Haymarket Square Bombing & Riot  May 4th, 1886
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  The strike that precipitated the Haymarket Square bombing & riot was at the McCormick Harvester plant strike which took place in Chicago, IL
 
  The strike that precipitated the Haymarket Square bombing & riot was taking place w/in the militant Chicago movement for an 8 hour working day  
  The 8 Hour Movement was frequently accompanied by conflict btwn strikers & police  
  In protest against the shooting of several workmen, August Spies, editor of the semi anarchist Arbeiter Zeitung, issued circulars demanding revenge & announcing a mass meeting the Haymarket  
  The police expected trouble & so had a large presence  
  Mayor Harrison attended & found the Haymarket protest to be innocent enough  
  Despite his advice, 180 police advanced on the meeting at Haymarket Square & ordered the crowd to disperse  
  As the peaceful meeting dispersed, a bomb was thrown into the police  
  The Haymarket Square Riot involved a bombing for which no one was conclusively determined to be responsible  
  7 police & 4 workers were killed; over 100 were injured
 
  The Knights of Labor (KOL) were blamed for the Haymarket Square bombing & ensuing riot, though history has since vindicated them
 
  Fears of a general anarchist plot made an impartial investigation impossible  
  Many believe anarchists to be responsible
 
  The investigation & trial ordered seven to be hanged, & one imprisoned, but only four were hanged, & historical review indicates they were all innocent of the bombing & drawn into the ensuing riot
 
  Governor Altgeld pardoned the three surviving prisoners in 1893, declaring the trial a farce, charging the press w/ poisoning public opinion, praising organized Labor  
  The Haymarket Square bombing & riot still one of "history's mysteries" in that conclusive evidence as to the causes of the bombing are largely unknown, though it is clear that those convicted were innocent
 
  The aftermath of the Haymarket Square decimated unions & the Labor Mvmt in general because the publicity had such an anti union bias
 
  The 8 Hour Mvmt collapsed, & the KOL lost influence & also eventually failed
 

 
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 Outline on the  Beirut Marines Barracks Attack, 1983
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  Lebanon was Phoenician, Assyrian, etc. until the rise of Christianity circa the 300s, AD
 
  Muslims converted & conquered Christians circa 600 AD & today about 90% of the people are Arab, about 60 % are Muslim, about 40 % are Christian
 
  The Muslims are Sunni or Shiah & the Christians are Maronite, which is an Eastern Catholic Church
 
  In 1922, France took over Lebanon's political affairs & started to prepare Lebanon for independence
 
  The French united the Christians in the Mount Lebanon & the Muslims along the coast under one govt & also helped write Lebanon's Constitution
 
  Lebanon became completely independent in 1943 when Christian & Muslim leaders agreed to share power in the govt
 
  Following independence, Lebanon prospered more than ever as a center of trade & finance & retained strong ties w/ the West
 
  The country remained peaceful until 1958, when some Lebanese, largely Muslims, rebelled against the govt
 
  In July 1958, the US sent thousands of marines to Lebanon at the request of the country's president helping restore peace, & leaving in October
 
  In 1969, the activities of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) led to fighting in Lebanon
 
  The PLO, whose chief goal is to establish a Palestinian state for the Arab people of Palestine, raided targets in Israel from bases in southern Lebanon. & the Israelis, in turn, attacked PLO forces in Lebanon
 
  In the 1970s, conflict btwn Lebanese Christian & Muslim groups flared up because the Christians opposed, & the Muslims supported, the presence of armed PLO members in the country
 
  In 1975, a civil war broke out btwn Christians & the Muslim-PLO alliance & full scale fighting in Lebanon ended in late 1976  
  The UN sent a peacekeeping force to Lebanon in 1978, but fighting continued to break out  
  However, periodic fighting took place btwn Christians & the Muslim-PLO alliance & also, both Christian groups & Muslim groups began fighting among themselves  
  Battles also broke out btwn Christians & Syrian troops in Lebanon  
  In 1979, large scale fighting broke out btwn Christians & Syrians in Beirut & resulted in extensive damage to the city.   
  In June 1982, a large Israeli force invaded Lebanon & drove the PLO forces out  
  Israeli forces were aware that members of the Lebanese Christian militia killed hundreds of unarmed Palestinian & Lebanese civilians in the Sabra & Shatila refugee camps in the Israeli occupied part of western Beirut & yet the Israelis chose not to intervene  
  The Israelis were positioned to totally wipe out the PLO & Arafat, but because such a much would have launched the entire middle east into war, the US, France, & Italy sent troops to Lebanon to help ensure that the PLO forces could leave the country safely  
  In late 1983, foreign troops in Lebanon became victims of terrorist bombings  
  On Oct 23, a suicide terrorist crashed a truck loaded w/ explosives into US Marine headquarters at the Beirut airport killing 241 US troops  
  At about the same time, a similar attack killed 54 French troops in a nearby building  
  On Nov 4, an attack at the Israeli military headquarters in Tyre killed 28 Israelis  
  In early Feb 1984, Druse forces & Shiite Muslims, members of the Shiah branch of Islam, took control of part of Beirut from the Lebanese govt  
  The US, the UK, France, & Italy removed their troops from Lebanon following this take over  
  In 1985, Israel withdrew its troops from all of Lebanon except a security zone along the country's Israeli border  
  Conflict, terrorism, war have continued in Lebanon, but today it is essentially so weak, & so isolated that it is not considered a threat to any nation, unless it becomes a haven for terrorists or a platform for launching terrorist attacks  
  The US & other nations attempted to retaliate, but had no clear course of action against the indigenous, terrorist groups who were fighting for their own national interests  
 
The Marines barracks bombing was considered one of the great failures of the Reagan administration & it caused the US to w/draw its troops, making it appear as a victory to US foes throughout the Mideast  
  The bombing of the Marine barracks is an example of indigenous people responding to foreign forces in their country  

 
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 Outline on the  Pan Am Flight 103 Bombing, 1988
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  -  Supplement:  CIA Confident Iran Behind Jet Bombing. by David B. Ottaway & Laura Parker.  Washington Post Staff Writers.  Thursday, May 11, 1989; Page A01
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Summary:  In 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie Scotland by Libyan intelligence operatives as retaliation for the US bombing of Libya
 
  The Berbers are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of Libya.  In the 600s BC, Greek colonists settled in the northeastern part of the region  
  The Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC, & Tripolitania became part of the Roman province of Africa Nova  
  A Germanic tribe called the Vandals captured the region in AD 431, but in the 500s, Byzantine forces conquered the region  
  Rebellions by Berber tribes created instability that aided Arab entry into the region in the 600s, spreading their new religion of Islam, entering Cyrenaica in 642 & occupying Tripoli in 643  
  In 1551, the Ottomans captured Tripoli & from the 1500s to the early 1800s, private ships commanded by Barbary corsairs (sea raiders) preyed on European & US shipping in the Mediterranean  
  The US fought a war against the corsairs in the early 1800s inspiring the founding of the US Marines  
  Italy invaded the coastal regions in 1911 & took control of the three provinces in 1912  
  During World War II, members of the Sanusi brotherhood cooperated w/ the British in Egypt against Italy, their common enemy  
  In 1942, the UK estbed a military administration in the north & the French forces took control of the Fezzan  
  In Dec 1951, the UN called for the independence of all of Libya  
  A federal state came into being, w/ Muhammad Idris al Mahdi as-Sanusi, leader of the Sanusi resistance, as king  
  The discovery of oil in Libya in 1959 transformed the country from a poverty stricken nation into one of the wealthiest in the world, but widespread discontent resulted, because the ruling class controlled the wealth  
  QADHAFI & CONFLICT W/ THE WEST  
  In Sept 1969, a group of officers known as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) overthrew King Idris & seized power  
  Colonel Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi, who led the revolution, became the head of Libya's govt & took control of most economic activities  
  Qadhafi tried to forge unions w/ a number of Arab states, but none of these efforts succeeded for more than a brief period  
  Libya supported a number of political mvmts throughout the world, particularly the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) & the Polisario Front, in W Sahara  
  Libya backed a rebellion in Chad & also supported Iran's declaration of an Islamic republic in 1979  
  The leaders of many nations have denounced Qadhafi for interfering in the affairs of other nations  
  During the 1980s, bitter antagonism surfaced btwn Libya & the US  
  The US accused Qadhafi of aiding terrorists & Libya, in turn, charged that the US was attempting to overthrow its govt  
  In Jan 1986, US Pres Reagan broke all economic ties w/ Libya & in March, Libya fired missiles on US military aircraft over the Gulf of Sidra  
  In 1986 it was suspected that Libyan operatives had bombed a Berlin night club, killing 2 US soldiers  
  Reagan claimed to have evidence that linked Libya to the bombing of a West Berlin nightclub, in which an Am serviceman was killed & many were injured  
  Pres Reagan ordered a bombing raid on Libya in response to the bombing of the Berlin night club  
  In April, Reagan ordered US planes to bomb military installations at Tripoli & Benghazi  
  The US bombing raid almost killed Kadafi, & did kill some of his children  
  Conflict again erupted in early 1989, when two Am aircraft downed two Libyan jets over the Mediterranean who the American airmen claimed were armed & aggressively heading toward them  
  THE PAN AM BOMBING  
  It is believed that the Pan Am Flight 103 was bombed over Lockerbee, Scotland in retaliation for Reagan bombing Libya  
  Flight 103 was a 747 flying from Europe to NYC  
  In December of 1988 Pan American Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 259 passengers, crew (189 Americans), & 11 people on the ground as it crashed into a school  
  Reagan was President & Bush Sr. was President Elect  
  A bomb was smuggled in by the girlfriend of a terrorist & authorities believe that she did not know she was carrying the bomb:  blind mule  
  This is where the question at airports began "Have you had control of your bags at all times?  Has anyone asked you to carry anything on the airplane for them?"  
  AFTERMATH  
  Libyan agents are also suspected of a 1989 bombing of a French plane over Niger, killing 171 people  
  The US & Britain accused to Libyan intelligence agents  
  In April 1992 & December 1993, the UN imposed sanctions on Libya for refusing to turn over Libyans suspected of placing bombs aboard an American civilian airliner that exploded over Scotland in 1988 & a French civilian airliner that blew up over West Africa in 1989  
  Sanctions included the cancellation of intl air service to Libya, the suspension of military sales, & the reduction of Libya's diplomatic corps abroad  
  In 1999, Libya turned over to UN officials two men suspected of planting the bomb on the Am airliner  
  The UN suspended its sanctions on Libya after the men were in custody  
  In May 2000, a special Scottish court set up in the Netherlands began its trial of the two suspects   
  The court announced its verdicts in Jan 2001, convicting one of the suspects, Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, of murder & sentenced him to life imprisonment while acquitting the other suspect, Lamen Khalifa Fhimah  

 
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 Outline on the  World Trade Center Bombing, 1993
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  Summary:  In 1993, radical Arab Muslims drove a truck bomb into the basement parking garage of the World Trade Center (WTC) in NYC killing 6, injuring 1,000 & destroying many floors
 
  Ramzi Yousef, born in Kuwait, began in 1991 to plan a bombing attack w/in the US  
  Yousef entered the US w/ a false Iraqi passport in 1992 but since his travel partner had bomb making instructions in his luggage both were arrested; however Yousef was released because he claimed political asylum & the INS cells were full  
  Yousef set up residence in Jersey City, NJ, traveled around NYC & New Jersey & called Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman  
  When one of the Sheikh's confidants killed another, dozens of Arabic bomb making manuals & documents related to terrorist plots were found in his apartment, w/ manuals from Army Special Warfare Center at Fort Bragg, NC, secret memos linked to Joint Chiefs of Staff, & 1440 rounds of ammunition  
 
In Feb, 1993, a propane truck bomb destroyed several of the basement floors of the WTC in NYC
 
 
6 people were killed & over 1,000 were injured & caused more than $300 million in damage to the WTC
 
  The propane truck bomb was intended to devastate the foundation of the North Tower, causing it to collapse onto its twin  
  During the trial, the WTC's architect testified that if the van had been left closer to the poured concrete foundations, the plan would have succeeded & the tower would have toppled  
  The WTC bombing was the work of radical Arab, Muslims
 
  It is believed that most of the perpetrators to the 1993 WTC bombing are now in custody
 
  Four men, including Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman, an Egyptian Muslim cleric, were convicted of the bombing & sent to prison
 
  In Oct 1995, the militant Islamist & blind cleric Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman, was sentenced to life imprisonment for masterminding the bombing. .   
  In 1998, Ramzi Yousef was convicted of "seditious conspiracy" to bomb the towers  
 
In all, ten militant Islamist conspirators were convicted for their part in the bombing, each receiving prison sentences of a maximum of 240 years
 
 
The WTC bombing & the terrorist acts planned for Oct were in retaliation against US policy in the Mid East
 
  According to the journalist Steve Coll, Yousef mailed letters to various NYC newspapers in which he claimed he belonged to the 'Liberation Army, Fifth Battalion' which made 3 demands, including:  
  -  an end to all US aid to Israel  
  -  an end to US diplomatic relations w/ Israel  
  -  a demand for a pledge by the US to end interference w/ any of the Middle East country's interior affairs  
  Yousef believed the WTC bombing was an act of terrorism, but that this was justified because of the terrorist act that Israel practices, which America supports  
 
These groups had plotted to assassinate political leaders, bomb the UN, the GW Bridge, the Lincoln & Holland tunnels, & more
 

 
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 Outline on the  Oklahoma City Bombing, 1995
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  Summary:  In 1995 two white, Americans of European descent, who were anti federalist radicals, truck bombed the Murrah Federal Bldg in OK City because they feared the growing power of the Federal govt
 
  On April 19, 1995 a rental truck was loaded w/ a home-made bomb, primarily w/ the fertilizer ammonium nitrate
 
  One or more terrorists put a bomb in a truck in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in the downtown area & set it off  
  The bomb killed 168 people, including 19 children at the Murrah Federal Bldg in OK City & destroyed the building
 
  Before 9 / 11, the OK City Bombing was by far the worst act of terrorism on US soil in US history
 
  This was considered a terrorist act in that the perpetrators did not know the victims, they held no personal grudge against them
 
  The Ok City Bombing is believed to be the work of radical White, American, anti federalist militia types:  one, who was executed & the other, who is in prison
 
  At first many American jumped to the conclusion that radical Muslims has perpetrated the act
 
  Many people believe that the Fed Govt attack on the Branch Davidean Complex in Waco, TX on April 19, 1993 was a precipitating event for the two terrorists
 
  Charges were made against the two men who made the bomb, & that one brought the truck to the building & set off the bomb
 
  It was noted at the trial that the two men had expressed strong opposition to the fed govt
 
  A third male American citizen was charged w/ aiding the first two
 
  The third man plead guilty, agreed to be a witness in the trials of the two other men, & was sentenced to 23 years in prison
 
  The first terrorist was convicted of murder & conspiracy & sentenced to death while the second was convicted of conspiracy & involuntary manslaughter, & he was sentenced to life in prison w/o parole
 
  In 2004, because of the work of the Ok City Survivors Group, the second terrorist was being tried in state court w/ the chance that he might get the death penalty
 
  The Oklahoma City National Memorial, on the site of the destroyed building, was dedicated in 2000  

 
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 Outline on the  WTC 9-11-01 Attacks
External
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-  Supplement:  Time Magazine, For the Record 
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-  Supplement:  On the Road to 9-11 
Link
 
-  Supplement:  Time Magazine, Conspiracy Theory 
Link
 
-  Supplement:  Timeline
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Link
-  Bibliography  
 
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO 9-11 BEGAN IN THE COLD WAR ERA, CIRCA 1970s, WHEN THE CIA & OTHER WESTERN GOVTS CHOOSE TO USE EXTREMISTS & CRIMINALS TO OPPOSE THE SOVIET UNION 
 
  In 1976 the CIA & other intelligence agencies use the Bank of Credit & Commerce Intl (BCCI) to control &  manipulate criminals &  terrorists worldwide   
  From 1977-1981 the Nationalities Working Group in the NSA advocates using militant Islam against the Soviet Union   
  In 1977 Zbigniew Brzezinski, as President Carter’s National Security Adviser, forms the Nationalities Working Group (NWG) dedicated to the idea of weakening the Soviet Union by inflaming its ethnic tensions   
  The CIA begins covert action against the Communist govt in Afghanistan in 1978   
 
US BEGINS POLICY OF USING EXTREMISTS & CRIMINALS TO OPPOSE THE SOVIET UNION BY TRAINING SUCH ELEMENTS IN AFGHANISTAN IN THE 1980s   
  In 1980 Afghan fighters begin training in the US   
  From 1980 to 1989, $600 million for the Afghan war passes through Bin Laden charity fronts & the CIA & the British train the Mujaheddin in Afghanistan & help arm Bin Laden   
  In the 1980s much of the US & Saudi aid meant for Afghan fighters goes to the Pakistan secret service, ie the ISI & the AQ Khan network, ie the 'father' of the Paki atomic bomb   
  From 1982 to 1989 the US turns a blind eye to BCCI & Pakistani govt involvement in the heroin trade   
  On Feb 11, 1982 the CIA is given the green light to take part in illegal drug trade in Afghanistan   
  In Nov & Dec 1982 Rep. Charlie Wilson pushes for the expansion of US support for anti Soviet forces in Afghanistan   
  During 1984 &1985 the US & Pakistan begin training Afghans to attack inside the Soviet Union   
  “American emissaries are understood to have traveled to Pakistan for meetings w/ mujaheddin leaders… [A former CIA official] even suggests the US emissaries met directly w/ bin Laden, & that it was bin Laden, acting on advice from his friends in Saudi intelligence, who first suggested the mujaheddin should be given Stingers.” [Reeve, 1999, pp. 167, 176]   
  Radical Muslim leader Sheikh Omar Abdul-Rahman obtains his first US visa via the CIA & then begins the plot resulting in the 1993 bombing of the WTC  
  Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (KSM), the lead strategist behind the 9-11 attacks, fights & works in Afghanistan for a CIA favored warlord & gets to know bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, & many other future al-Qaeda leaders   
  Near the end of the Soviet Afghan war in the late 1980s &  into the early 1990s, the radical mujaheddin heavily funded by the CIA & Saudi Arabia kill moderate Afghans by the thousands   
  By the late 80s, the Taliban, w/ US support, have defeated the Russian advances in Afghanistan & they w/draw, some say setting the stage for the eventual breakup of the Soviet Union into Russia & other states   
  The Soviet w/draw the last of their soldiers on February 15, 1989   
  In March 13, 1994 a report indicates that violence, drugs, & militant training camps are rife in Afghanistan   
  The Taliban soon take over Afghanistan, establishing an extremist theocracy, oppressing human rights & allowing al Qaeda to estb training camps   
  IN 1998 US EMBASSIES IN AFRICA ARE BOMBED BY FACTIONS RELATED TO GROUPS TRAINED IN AFGHANISTAN IN THE 80s; US RESPONDS W/ CRUISE MISSILE ATTACKS ON AL QAEDA CAMPS IN AFGHANISTAN   
  On August 7, 1988 suicide bombers in trucks laden w/ explosives parked outside the embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania & Nairobi, Kenya & almost simultaneously detonated   
  In Nairobi, approximately 212 people were killed, & an estimated 4,000 wounded; in Dar es Salaam, the attack killed at least 11 & wounded 85   
  The bombings are widely believed to have been revenge for American involvement in the extradition, & alleged torture, of four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) who had been arrested in Albania in the two months prior to the explosions & extradited to Egypt   
  Bin Laden initially said that the sites had been targeted because of the 'invasion' of Somalia; then he described an American plan to partition Sudan, which he said was hatched in the embassy in Nairobi. He also told his followers that the genocide in Rwanda had been planned inside the two American embassies."   
  Wright concludes that bin Laden's actual goal was "to lure the US into Afghanistan, which had long been called 'The Graveyard of Empires."   
  In response to the bombings, U.S. President Bill Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach, a series of cruise missile strikes on targets in Sudan & Afghanistan  on August 20, 1998, announcing the planned strike in a prime time address on American television.   
  In Sudan, the missiles destroyed the Al Shifa pharmaceutical factory, where 50% of Sudan's medications for both people & animals were manufactured   
  The Clinton Administration claimed that there was ample evidence to prove that the plant produced chem weapons, but a thorough investigation after the missile strikes revealed that the intelligence was unreliable   
  Ali Mohamed pleads guilty to five counts of conspiracy to kill nationals of the US in connection w/ the 1998 embassy bombings in Kenya & Tanzania   
  The neoconservative think tank Project for the New American Century writes a "blueprint" for the "creation of a 'global Pax Americana'" (see June 3, 1997).   
  The document, titled Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces & Resources for a New Century, was written for the George W. Bush team even before the 2000 presidential election   
  The plan for a global Pax Americana shows that the Bush team intends to take military control of Persian Gulf oil whether or not Saddam Hussein was in power & should retain control of the region even if there is no threat   
  Bush's plan for US dominion says:  "The United States has for decades sought to play a more permanent role in Gulf regional security"   
  Bush's plan for US dominion says:  "While the unresolved conflict w/ Iraq provides the immediate justification, the need for a substantial American force presence in the Gulf transcends the issue of the regime of Saddam Hussein"   
 
IN 2000 THE USS COLE IN THE SO. ARABIAN PENINSULA IS  BOMBED BY FACTIONS RELATED TO GROUPS TRAINED IN AFGHANISTAN IN THE 80s   
  Shortly after the USS Cole bombing (see October 12, 2000), the US supposedly obtains intelligence that prompts President Clinton to consider another missile strike on bin Laden   
  The US presidential election is in early November & later author Lawrence Wright will write, "Clinton maintains that, despite the awkward political timing, his administration came close to launching another missile attack… but at the last minute the CIA recommended calling it off because [bin Laden's] presence at the site was not completely certain" [Wright, 2006, pp. 244]   
  Fahad al-Quso, a Yemeni & known associate of Osama bin Laden, turns himself in to the Yemeni govt after some of his relatives are questioned in the wake of the USS Cole bombing (see October 12, 2000). [New Yorker, 7/10/2006 pdf file]   
   The associate of bin Laden admits that he & one of the two Cole suicide bombers went to Bangkok, Thailand, & gave several thousand dollars to a man known as Khallad, who is identified as one of the masterminds of the Cole  bombing   
  In 1999, Kabir Mohabbat, an Afghan American businessman, had initiated conversations about bin Laden btwn the US govt & the Taliban  
  According to Mohabbat, the Taliban were ready to hand bin Laden over to a third country, or the International Court of Justice, in exchange for having the US led sanctions against Afghanistan lifted. (Elmar Brok, a German member of the European Parliament, later confirms that he helps Mohabbat make contact w/ the US govt in 1999.)   
  In Nov 7, 2000 plans to target Bin Laden delayed pending 2000 Election says a former senior Clinton aide, “If we had done anything, say, two weeks before the election, we'd be accused of helping [presidential candidate] Al Gore.”   
  Based on info from interviews of suspects detained during the USS Cole bombings (see Late October Late November 2000), the FBI finds that one of the lead bombers was Khallad bin Attash, an operative also involved in the 1998 East African embassy bombings   
  About late October Late November 2000, the FBI asks the CIA for info about al-Qaeda leader Khallad bin Attash & a possible al-Qaeda meeting in Southeast Asia in early 2000, but the CIA w/holds the info   
  BUSH ADMIN SUCCEEDS CLINTON ADMIN & ESTB POLICY TO DOMINATE MID EAST / GLOBE   
  CIA Director Tenet & other top CIA officials brief President elect Bush, Vice President elect Cheney, future National Security Adviser Rice, & other incoming national security officials on al Qaeda & covert action programs in Afghanistan   
  Deputy Director for Operations James Pavitt recalls conveying that bin Laden is one of the gravest threats to the country   
  Bush asks whether killing bin Laden would end the problem & Pavitt says he answers that killing bin Laden would have an impact but not stop the threat   
  The CIA recommends the most important action to combat al Qaeda is to arm the Predator drone & use it over Afghanistan. [9/11 Commission, 3/24/2004; Reuters, 3/24/2004]   
  However, while the drone is soon armed, Bush never gives the order to use it in Afghanistan until after 9/11 (see September 4, 2001)   
  A federal panel chaired by former Virginia Governor James Gilmore (R) warns President elect Bush that the US in vulnerable to terrorist attack & urges him to bolster US preparedness w/in  one year   
  President Clinton & President Elect Bush meet for their "exit interview," & in a two hour meeting [CNN, 12/19/2000], Clinton gives Bush his list of his top five priorities. where at the top of the list is dealing w/ Osama bin Laden   
  Bush shakes Clinton's hand after Clinton wraps up his presentation, & says, "Thanks for your advice, Mr. President, but I think you've got your priorities wrong. I'm putting Saddam at the top of the list."   
  Al Qaeda has had pilots in training in the US & around the globe for a decade   
  The US intelligence community has been monitoring al-Qaeda telephone communications to & from a communications hub in Yemen since the late 1990s (see Late August 1998) & the CIA intercepts an al-Qaeda operative say in a monitored phone call that bin Laden is planning a “Hiroshima type event” against the US   
  The French intelligence agency, DGSE, publishes 9 intelligence reports btwn these dates on the subject of al Qaeda threats against the US   
  Over three hundred pages of classified DGSE reports on al Qaeda from July 2000 to October 2001 will be leaked to a French reporter in 2007   
  One of the 9 reports on attacks against the US, dated Jan 5, 2001, will be detailed in a 2007 French newspaper article (see January 5, 2001), but the contents of the other eight remain unknown   
  DGSE officials will later claim that such reports would have certainly been passed on to the CIA. None of the contents of any of these French reports will be mentioned in the 2004 9/11 Commission report   
  September 11, 2001 4 airliners are hijacked & 2 are crashed into each of the WTC towers, 1 hits the Pentagon, & 1 crashes in a field in PN  
  The US response is the "War on Terrorism," specifically via a clean up action in Afghanistan & the War in Iraq   
  An opportunity to capture or kill bin Laden in Afghanistan is missed early on in Afghanistan because US resources are transferred to the Iraq theater of war   

 
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 Outline on the  IRA
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  ENGL & IRELAND FOUGHT FOR CENTURIES & IN THE 1600s THE ENGL PROTESTANTS CONQUERED & COLONIZED CATHOLIC IRELAND 
 
  The history of Northern Ireland can be traced back to the 17th century, when the English subdued the island 
 
  The Protestants colonized & settled lands on the northern side of the island 
 
  Protestant colonization set Ulster somewhat apart from the rest of Ireland, which was predominantly Catholic 
 
  As industry rose in the north, this created a rift economically from the rest of Ireland 
 
  The Irish Catholics felt oppressed by the increasing ties to Britain 
 
  With the Act of Union passing in 1800, this created the union of Ireland &  England, & later, an independent Irish govt was set up 
 
  By passing the Govt of Ireland Act 1920, the island of Ireland was separated, thus creating Ireland & Northern Ireland 
 
  The northern counties accepted the act, but factions in the south fought British troops (Spindlove & Simonsen, 2010)
 
  The southern counties were composed primarily of Irish, who were called Republicans while the Protestants who were in the north of Northern Ireland were known as the Loyalists 
 
  Certain historical differences separated Northern Ireland from Ireland, esp the fact that Ireland is mainly Catholic while Northern Ireland is Protestant 
 
  Religion separates people today just as it did in the past in these two areas of Ireland & No Ireland 
 
  Some Northern Ireland Catholics identify only w/  each other &  not Irish Catholics due to differences based on their rule of govt & social experiences through the years 
 
  The political landscape in Northern Ireland was set up to limit the power of the Catholic minority   
  While never legally segregating the Irish community, the power structure was set up in such a way as to keep the status quo, that being the Protestant majority in control   
  Laws were created from the beginning which would fight the emerging Republican paramilitary presence (Katz & Tushaus, 2008)   
  With Protestant control of the govt came the control of the court systems &  the police 
 
 
Jurors favored the Protestants & made up the voter lists & some of the greatest depravations of rights occurred during legislative acts 
 
  The Special Powers Act was passed to fight against the Republican para militaries, fighting to succeed from Britain (Kats & Tushaus, 2008)  
  This law gave great power to the Police to intern individuals w/o a trial for unspecified periods of time which included the broad powers of warrantless search & seizure & powers of censorship   
  The two peoples never integrated; the Catholics see themselves as native to Ireland & they view the Protestants as squatters & robbers of their lands   
  The Protestants viewed the Irish as uncivilized due to their different culture & language   
  As the two groups grew, the Protestants grew politically & economically   
  They were able to subdue the Irish politically & economically w/ England supporting them   
  THE IRA IS A PARA MILITARY TERRORIST GROUP WHO AIMS TO ELIMINATE UK & PROTESTANT RULE OF IRELAND   
  Sein Fein is the political arm of the IRA much like the PLO is the political arm of al Fatah & Hamas   
  The IRA was formed in 1919 as an unofficial military force that aimed to gain independence for Ireland.   
  At that time, present day Ireland & Northern Ireland made up a single country ruled by the British   
  The British govt had proposed that Ireland remain united w/ the UK but take control of its own domestic affairs.   
  Most of the Protestants in the northeastern province of Ulster opposed the plan for Irish rule because they did not want to be a minority in a Catholic nation   
  In 1919, the IRA began a guerrilla war for independence from British rule & harassed the police & military w/ ambushes & sudden raids   
  In 1920, the British govt passed the Govt of Ireland Act which divided Ireland into two states, each w/ limited powers of self govt   
  Under the Govt of Ireland Act, the six northeastern counties were separated from the rest of Ireland & became Northern Ireland while the southern Catholic majority rejected the act & demanded a single, united Irish republic   
  The guerrilla war continued until July 1921, when British & Irish leaders declared a truce & agreed to the Anglo Irish Treaty which was signed on Dec. 6, 1921, making southern Ireland a dominion, that is, a self governing country, called the Irish Free State, owing allegiance to the British Crown   
  THE IRA SPLINTERED INTO TWO GROUPS AS A RESULT OF DISAGREEMENT OVER LEVELS OF INDEPENDENCE & SELF GOVERNANCE FROM THE UK   
  The Anglo Irish treaty split the IRA wherein one group, led by Michael Collins, accepted the treaty & became part of the army of the Irish Free State while the other group, led by Eamon de Valera & called the Irregulars, rejected the treaty because it did not provide complete independence from the UK & union w/ Northern Ireland.   
  Early in 1922, civil war broke out & the Irregulars were defeated in 1923 but continued as an underground org   
  In 1937, the Irish Free State adopted a new constitution & changed its name to Eire   
  In 1949, Eire renounced its dominion status & declared itself an independent republic called Ireland   
  Northern Ireland remained united w/ the UK & from 1956 to 1962, the IRA periodically raided British installations in Northern Ireland, trying to reunite Ireland & Northern Ireland & embarrass both the British & the Irish govts   
  In the late 1960's, Catholics in Northern Ireland began to protest against discrimination by the Protestant govt & fighting broke out between Catholics & Protestants, & the IRA took up the cause of the Catholics   
  During the 60s Catholic Protestant skirmishes, the UK sent troops to restore order, & the IRA & British soldiers were soon fighting each other  
  THE IRA SPLINTERED OVER STRAT & TACTICS; W/ SOME FAVORING MORE VIOLENCE WHILE OTHERS FAVORED NEGOTIATIONS   
  During 1969 & 1970, another deep split developed w/in the IRA over strategy & tactics.   
  The dominant group was called the Provisional IRA while the other group became known as the Official IRA   
  The Provisional IRA has young, aggressive members.  The Provisionals have carried out many bombings, ambushes, & assassinations in Ireland & the UK   
  The Official IRA consists of nonviolent older members chiefly committed to social change   
  PEACE BEGAN TO TAKE HOLD IN THE LATE 90s & CONTINUES TO THE PRESENT EXCEPT FOR SPORADIC VIOLENCE FROM SPLINTER GRPS   
  In July 1997, the IRA declared a cease-fire, & then in Sept of that year, peace talks on Northern Ireland began in which all parties were represented, including Sinn Fein   
  The 1967 talks concluded in an agreement that was approved by voters in Ireland & Northern Ireland   
  The agreement committed the parties to using peaceful means to resolve political differences   
  Implementation of the accord required many months of negotiations between the IRA & the Protestant Ulster Unionists   
  In 1998, following a ceasefire by the Provisional IRA and multi-party talks, the Belfast Agreement was concluded and ratified by referendum across the entire island.  
  Full implementation began at the end of 1999 & in early 2000, however, the agreement was suspended when the Protestants w/drew to protest a lack of disarmament by the IRA   
  Negotiations on the issues of self govt & disarmament continued & another peace accord was singed in 2005   
  The Agreement restored self government to Northern Ireland on the basis of power sharing between the two communities.   
  Violence decreased greatly after the signing of the accord and in 2005 the Provisional IRA announced the end of its armed campaign and an independent commission supervised its disarmament  
  The power sharing assembly was suspended several times but was restored again in 2007  
  In that year, the British government officially ended its military support of the police in Northern Ireland and began withdrawing troops   
  This peace agreement has largely held, but there have been sporadic bombings & attacks by splinters of the old IRA   
  The Irish British peace agreement indicates that in relation to war & terrorism:   
  a.  European Westerners have fought each other for millennia just as people have across the globe   
 
b.  despite millennia of conflict, people can overcome ancient animosities & find peace 
 

 
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 Outline on the  Types of Terrorism
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  -  Project:  Types of Terrorism
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  Terrorist acts are committed for various reasons
 
  Most terrorist grps are small & they believe the threat or use of violence to create fear is the best way to gain publicity & support for their causes
 
  Common victims of terrorist linked kidnappings & assassinations include diplomats, business executives, political leaders, police, & judges
 
  Terrorists also attack churches, mosques, & synagogues, as well as oil refineries & govt offices, or any public venue including transportation centers, significant bldgs, etc.
 
  At other times, terrorists choose any target certain to attract media coverage
 
  Some terrorists hijack airplanes & then they hold the passengers hostage & make demands to further their cause
 
  They often threaten to kill the hostages if their demands are not met
 
 
Bombings make up about half of all terrorist acts
 
  Most terrorist groups fail to achieve their long range political goals  
  Govts fight terrorism by refusing to accept terrorist demands & by increasing security at airports & other likely targets  
  Some countries train special military units to rescue hostages  
  Of all the purposes of terrorism & the various methods of terrorism, there are FOUR basic types, including vigilante, insurgent, transnational, & state terrorism  
 
Generally, terrorists attack people who oppose their cause or objects that symbolize such opposition, & these may be any of the four types of terrorists  
 
a.  Vigilante Terrorism  
 
Some terrorist groups seek to terrorize a group to keep them in submission  
 
b.  Insurgent Terrorism  
 
Some individuals & groups that use terrorism support a particular political philosophy  
 
Some individuals & groups represent minority groups seeking liberation from govts in power  
 
c.  Transnational Terrorism  
 
Terrorism may cross national boundaries as a quarrel in one nation may produce terrorist attacks in several other countries  
 
All terrorist acts are crimes under international law  
 
d.  State Terrorism  
 
Some govts secretly support certain terrorist groups by providing weapons, training, & money for attacks in other countries  
 
Dictators & totalitarian govts also use violence to frighten or eliminate their opponents thought many democratic states have also employed "surrogate" terrorist groups to achieve their states' goals  
  Example of US state supported terrorist include the death squads in El Salvador in the 1980s & al Qaeda who we supported in the fight against the Soviets in Afghanistan  

 
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 Outline on the  Vigilante Terrorism
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  Vigilante terrorism is committed by private citizens against other private citizens to express hatred or to resist social change
 
  Vigilante terrorism is the most common form of terrorism in US history, but state terrorism has killed more people
 
  Many of the ugliest moments in US history are incidents of vigilante terrorism
 
  Vigilante terrorism has been systematically committed against native Americans, blacks, labor leaders, immigrants, religious leaders ethnic groups, gays, & others
 
  VIGILANTE TERRORISM AGAINST NATIVE AMERICANS  
  Europeans terrorized native Americans shortly after they arrived in the New World in the 1600s, peaked during the Indian Wars which culminated w/ the infamous massacre of over 300 Sioux men, women, & children at Wounded Knee, SD, in 1890, & continues to today
 
  Vigilante terrorism is often combined w/ state terrorism
 
  For native Americans, vigilante terrorism was combined w/ state terrorism
 
  Vigilante terrorism against native Americans was part of a larger pattern of broken treaties, unkept promises, & the slaughter of defenseless women & children
 
  Vigilante terrorism & the state terrorism resulted in the 1 mm native Americans being reduced to 240,000 & losing all of their No American empire
 
  LYNCHING  
  The Klu Klux Klan is perhaps the most notorious practitioner of vigilante terrorism in the US
 
  Whether perpetrated by an organized group like the KKK or by an unruly mob, lynching was one of the most notorious & common methods of vigilante terrorism
 
  Lynching usually means the killing, generally by hanging, of a person by a mob in defiance of law & order
 
  Victims of a lynching do not have a chance to defend themselves because the mob assumes its victims are guilty, whether or not the victims have had a trial
 
  Lynch mobs not only promote disrespect for law, order, & basic human rights, but they also encourage mass brutality
 
 
Most states have attempted to stop lynchings by laws  
 
Some states prosecute under the laws against homicide, riot, & assault while other states have specific lynch laws but legal controls have not succeeded in preventing lynchings  
  One of the problems in getting a conviction against lynching is the difficulty in picking out the leaders of the mob  
  Another problem in getting a conviction against lynching is the lack of jury convictions, even w/ evidence  
  The decline in lynching in the US is due primarily to increased public opinion against mob violence  
  The term lynching probably originated w/ Charles Lynch, a planter who lived in VA during the 1700s  
  Lynch & his neighbors took the law into their own hands & punished the Tories (British sympathizers) & others who plundered their property  
  The term came to be applied to physical punishment, such as whipping, tarring, feathering, etc.  
  In pioneer communities on the far western frontier, many lynch mobs punished people for horse stealing, highway robbery, or murder  
  Lynchings began to take the form of hangings  
  People took the law into their own hands because there was no duly established legal authority  
  With the estb of law & order throughout the US, lynch mobs began to act in opposition to the law, instead of supporting it  
  INSTANCES OF VIGILANTE TERRORISM  
  Before 1890, most lynching victims were white; since then, most lynchings have occurred in the South, & most of the victims have been blacks  
  About 4,800 known lynchings occurred from 1882 to 1968, of those, about 25 percent were against whites & about 70 percent were against blacks  
  The peak year for these killings was 1892, w/ about 230 victims, but from 1957 to 1968, there were seven lynchings, & there have been few recorded lynchings since 1968  
  A gay man was beat to death in WY in the 90s by 3 white men, & a grp of white men in TX beat & drug a black man behind a pick up, which resulted in his death in the 90s, & there have been other cases  
  While much vigilante terrorism is done by mobs of citizens or orgs such as the KKK the state, esp local police & sheriffs are sometimes complicit in either their outright encouragement or their tolerance for such collective violence  
  Some law enforcement officers encouraged or participated in assaults on blacks, but lawless groups carried out most attacks  
  One of the largest vigilante grps, the Ku Klux Klan, was organized in 1865 or 1866 in Pulaski, TN  
  Bands of hooded Klansmen rode at night & beat & murdered many blacks & their white sympathizers  
  The Klan did much to deny blacks their civil & human rights throughout Reconstruction even while the fed govt tried to maintain the rights of African Americans  
  In 1870 & 1871, Congress passed laws authorizing the use of fed troops to enforce the voting rights of blacks  
  These laws were known as the Enforcement Acts or the Ku Klux Klan Acts  
  In addition, President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation demanding respect for the civil rights of all Americans  
  The Ku Klux Klan also attempted to keep blacks from voting through an increased use of threats, beatings, & killings  
  More than 3,000 blacks had been lynched during the late 1800s, & the Klan & members of similar groups lynched hundreds more throughout the South during the early 1900s  
  POST WW 1 VIGILANTE TERRORISM  
  After World War I, race relations grew increasingly tense in the Northern cities  
  The hostility in the North partly reflected the growing competition for jobs & housing btwn blacks & whites  
  In addition, many African American veterans, after fighting for democracy, returned home w/ expectations of justice & equality  
  The mounting tension helped the Ku Klux Klan recruit thousands of members in the North  
  In the summer of 1918, 10 people were killed & 60 were injured in racial disturbances in Chester & Philadelphia, PA  
  A series of riots erupted in the summer of 1919 & by the end of the year, 25 race riots had broken out across the country where at least 100 people died & many more were injured in the riots  

 
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 Outline on the KKK
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  The Klu Klux Klan (KKK) is perhaps the most notorious practitioner of vigilante terrorism in the US
 
  The KKK was so integrated into the fabric of American life, that they may be considered as part of state terrorism  
  The KKK is a grp of white secret societies who oppose the advancement of blacks, Jews, & other minority groups  
  The KKK, also called the Klan, is active in the US & in Canada but has no real impact around the world  
  The KKK often uses violence to achieve its aims & Klan members wear robes & hoods, & burn crosses at their outdoor meetings & they also burn crosses to frighten nonmembers  
  There are FOUR major periods of Klan activity
 
  1.  THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA OF THE KKK  
  The 1st Era of the KKK was the Reconstruction Era, the mid 1860s to the early 1870s
 
  The KKK was formed as a social club by a group of Confederate Army veterans in Pulaski, TN., in 1865 or 1866  
  The KKK was formed in 1865 by a small group of confederate Army officers in TN by a Colonel Nathaniel Bedford Forest who became the leader, the Grand Wizard
 
  The KKK is named after the Greek word kyklos, or circle & the English word, clan
 
  The KKK was powerful force in opposing Reconstruction, terrorizing blacks & whites w/ beatings, torture, lynchings, & murder
 
  The early Klan under Forest was more concerned w/ preventing domination by the North, & opposing reconstruction & less focused on race based vigilante terrorism  
  After Forest the Klan became primarily an instrument of maintaining racial segregation & inequality  
  Klan members, who believed in the superiority of whites, soon began to terrorize blacks to keep them from voting or exercising the other rights they had gained during Reconstruction, the period following the end of the American Civil War in 1865  
  The Klan threatened, beat, & murdered many blacks & their white sympathizers in the So  
  The KKK spread rapidly throughout the So US & became known as the Invisible Empire & its attacks helped drive blacks out of So political life  
  Lynch mob violence became an integral part of the post Reconstruction system of So white supremacy  
  But from 1882 to 1930 there were over 3,000 lynchings of So blacks  
  In 1871, Congress passed the Force Bill, which gave the President the authority to use fed troops against the Klan  
  The KKK was weakened when fed troops arrested hundreds of members, & the KKK nearly disappeared
 
  2.  THE ANTI IMMIGRATION ERA OF THE KKK  
  The 2nd Era of the KKK was the Anti Immigration Era, 1915 to 1944  
  In 1915, William J. Simmons, a former Methodist clergyman, organized a new Klan in Atlanta, GA, as a patriotic, Protestant fraternal society  
  The KKK was revived in 1915 & grew in response to growing anti immigration sentiment & the mvmt of rural Southern blacks to Northern cities
 
  The KKK's anti immigration violence during the 1920 reflected a trend of anti immigration or Nativist mvmt in the US  
  The Klan targeted its activities against grps it considered un-American, including blacks, immigrants, Jews, & particularly Roman Catholics  
  A great wave of immigration began in the 1820s when over 3 mm immigrants, mostly Catholic, came to the US  
  The American Party formed into a strong nativist Party
 
  The KKK grew rapidly & by the mid 1920s had more than 2 million members throughout the country  
  Mob violence occurred against Roman Catholics & other immigrants btwn 1850 & 1880
 
  American Party members frequently answered "I don't know" when asked about nativist policies & attacks & thus became known as "The Know Nothing Party"  
  Some Klan members burned crosses & whipped, tortured, & murdered people whose activities angered them, but most relied on peaceful means  
  By electing public officials, the Klan became a powerful political force throughout the South & also in many No & Western states, including CO, IN, Kansas, ME, OH, & OR  
  However, public criticism of Klan violence & quarrels among Klan leaders weakened the organization  
  By the 1930s, only local Klan grps in the So remained strong & the org died out again in 1944  
  3.  THE DESEGREGATION / CIVIL RIGHTS ERA OF THE KKK  
  The 3rd Era of the KKK was the Desegregation / Civil Rights Era, the late 1940s to the early 1970s
 
  Samuel Green, an Atlanta physician, revived the Klan in 1946  
  Green died in 1949, & the Klan then split into many competing groups; however, all of the groups opposed racial integration  
  The KKK faded in the 1930s but revived after the Brown v. Board of Ed Decision, 1954, banned school segregation  
  For the next decade the KKK attacked many So blacks & civil rights activists  
  Increased civil rights activities during the 1960s brought a new wave of Klan violence  
  Klan members were involved in many terrorist attacks, including the killing of three civil rights workers in Mississippi, & the bombing of a Birmingham, AL, church in which four black girls were killed  
  President Lyndon B. Johnson used the FBI to probe the Klan  
  Some members were sent to prison, & membership fell to about 5,000 by the early 1970s  
  4.  THE POST CIVIL RIGHTS ERA OF THE KKK  
  The 4th Era of the KKK is the Post Civil Rights Era, since the mid 1970s
 
  Beginning in the mid 1970s, new leaders tried to give a more respectable image to competing Klan grps  
  Some accepted women as members & set up youth grps  
  The KKK especially appealed to whites who resented both special programs designed to help blacks & job competition from blacks & recent immigrants  
  Also in the 1970s, it largely abandoned its opposition to Roman Catholics  
  In 1979, Klan members & their supporters killed five anti Klan demonstrators in Greensboro, North Carolina  
  The KKK had somewhat of a revival w/ the deindustrialization of the 80s
 
  Klan membership rose to about 10,000 by 1980  
  The KKK still attracted people w/ extreme views who often used violence  
  Klan members murdered a black youth in Mobile, AL, in 1981  
  The militia mvmt grew ( not all are racist ) & found common interest w/ the KKK  
  Since then, declining interest in the Klan & some prosecutions for illegal activities have reduced KKK membership to about 6,000 & most of these members live in the So  
  Today, vigilantism takes the form of hate crime  
  Over 100 people died of hate crimes from 1990 to 1995  
  Modern vigilantism focuses on blacks, other people of color, Jews, gays, freedom of choice advocates, anti-gun advocates, govt officials, etc.  

 
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 Outline on  Insurgent Terrorism
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  Insurgent terrorism is private citizens committing terrorism against their govt to win political goals
 
  Single issue terrorism is committed by an individual or small group to pressure the govt to change a specific policy
 
  Separatist terrorism aims to help an ethnic group secede from a state
 
  Social revolutionary terrorism aims to overthrow the govt & bring about dramatic economic, political, & social change
 
  Examples of insurgent terrorism include US colonists, racist groups, labor strife, revolutionary groups, etc.  
  There have been many groups who committed insurgent terrorism including the KKK, the Black Panthers, the SLA, the IRA, etc.  
  The US colonies' revolt against Britain was insurgent terrorism
 
  Colonists would tar & feather Tories, i.e. British sympathizers & many tories were also lynched
 
  Lynching got its name from Colonel Charles Lynch who presided over illegal trials of the Tories
 
  Labor strife can also take the form of insurgent terrorism 
 
  Labor committed acts of violence against company property, personnel & scabs (company sympathizers) & tried to get govt to recognize labor rights  
  Companies committed acts of violence against company property, (to frame Labor) personnel & scabs (company sympathizers) & tried to prevent the govt from recognizing labor rights  
  Often the workers were no more violent than were the companies themselves
 
  The US has had the bloodiest & most violent labor history of any industrial nation in the world
 
  The Molly Maguires were a secret organization of Irish American miners
 
  THe AFL blew up the LA Times building w/ dynamite in 1910
 
  10 yrs later another bomb ripped apart a Wall Street bank owned by financier JP Morgan, killing more than 30 & injuring more than 200
 
  In the 1960s & the 1970s Black Militants, White Revolutionaries, & Puerto Rican nationalists have been active
 
  Black Militant violence peaked from 1968 to 1974 after a decade of civil rights activism reached its peak 
 
  The Black Power Mvmt rejected the nonviolent tactics of MLK  
  The FBI, the police & other social control agents often fomented violence w/ black militants & other radical groups  
  The Black Liberation Army (BLA) formed in NYC in 1971 by former Panthers & ex-convicts  
  They targeted police & banks, killing about 26 police from 1970 - 1974  
  The Weather Underground carried out a series of bombings beginning in 1970  
  The New World Liberation Front  bombed large corporations beginning in the mid 1970s  
  The Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) murdered a school superintendent in 1972, kidnapped Patty Hearst in 1974, & robbed banks  
  Puerto Rican Nationalists tried to kill Truman in 1950 & they shot 5 members of Congress in 1954  
  From 1970 - 1980s Puerto Rican Nationalists are thought to have committed over 300 bombings & other acts  
  In the last 15 yrs, insurgent terrorism has taken on a more right wing philosophy as compared to many earlier left wing philosophies  
  These groups are often white militias & white supremacist groups  
  An example of the rise of white, right wind insurgency is the 1995 OK City bombing  
  Right wing terrorism now poses the most serious internal threat in the US while radical mid easterners pose the greatest external terrorist threat  
  In Europe, the best known terrorist groups are the Irish Republican Army IRA & its affiliates, though Europe has had many more instances of terrorism than the US  
  In August of 1969, they split into the Provisional IRA & the Official IRA  
  Protestant terrorist groups were established to fight the IRA  
  Since 1960 more than 3,000 have died in terrorist acts & violent clashes among the IRA, the Protestant groups & British troops  
  The Red Army was formed by student activists in W. Germany in 1968 & has committed numerous bombing, assassination attempts & bank robberies  
  The Red Army has attacked US military personnel in Germany  
  The Red Brigades began in 1970 in Italy, setting off bombs & murdering the Italian prime minister  
  They have waned under the efforts of the Italian police  
  The PLO & its affiliates have been active in the Mideast for decades  
  Their purpose is to gain a Palestinian nation & to destroy Israel, though at various times they have renounced the latter goal  
  In 1972 Black September killed 2 Israeli athletes & took nine other hostage during the Munich Olympics  
  In South America most govts have been repressive, right wing dictatorships supported by the US  
  Most of the So American terrorism there has been state terrorism  
  Rebel groups have often used terrorism in response  
  The People's Revolutionary Army in El Salvador formed in the 1970s  
  In Japan in 1995 the Om Shinricoio cult launched a poison gas attack in a subway in Tokyo that kill 12 & made 5,500 ill  

 
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 Outline on the Molly Maguires circa 1865 to 1877
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Molly Maguires   aka the Buckshots, White Boys, Sleepers circa 1865 to 1877
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The Molly Maguires took their name from a group of anti landlord agitators in 1840s in Ireland led by a widow named Molly Maguire
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During the potato famine, the Molly Maguires & other groups fought against established interests
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The Molly Maguires were a secret organization of Irish American miners
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The Molly Maguires,  circa 1865 to 1877, were a union of coal miners in PN who used terrorist tactics to win concessions
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Most members were Irish
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They formed to deal w/ intolerable working conditions in PN coal mines
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The working conditions for miners were such that they were typically overworked, underpaid, & unsafe
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Coal mining conditions were intolerable
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Wages often did not cover expenses, as charged by the company:  "Workin' in the coal mine & what do you get?  Another day older & deeper in debt."
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The Molly Maguires used terrorist tactics
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The Molly Maguires assassinated company officials & committed other acts of terrorism
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The Molly Maguires were chastised by Church, owners, govt, media, but respected by miners
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The Molly Maguires used their power for the benefit of members & intimidated or murdered recalcitrant mine bosses & colliery superintendents
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1874, at height of their power, Franklin B. Gowen, President of the Philadelphia Coal & Iron Co. & Reading Railroad hired the Pinkerton Detective Agency
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The Molly Maguires were infiltrated by James McParlan, a Pinkerton, who was is some sense sympathetic, but wanted a better life
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After a particularly outrageous murder in 1875, one assassin was condemned to death
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This was the first capital conviction of a Molly
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McParlan was suspected by the Mollies
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McParlan evaded one plot to murder him, then w/drew
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1877 trial based on McParlan's testimony crushed the Molly Maguires forever & as a result 10 hung & 14 were jailed
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 Outline on Transnational Terrorism
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  Transnational terrorism (TT) is perpetrated by terrorists living in one nation against the people, govt or general society of another nation
 
  TT may also include terrorism that occurs in one's own country against foreign targets or against domestic targets but in the name of an intl cause or on behalf of a foreign govt (Gurr, 1989b)
 
  Transnational terrorism is aka international terrorism, hence GW Bushes International War on Terrorism
 
  Transnational terrorism is relatively uncommon in the US compared to other nations
 
  For example, Mid Eastern related terrorism was spread into Europe:  "The battle over the Palestinian question & other Mid Eastern issues had moved beyond the Mid East"
 
  Most terrorism on mid eastern issues are directed against other mid east people, groups, govts, & general society
 
  A key feature of terrorism today is it's transnational character in that many of the most active & notorious terrorists today are transnational, & perhaps more importantly, one of the characteristics that makes them unique is that they are mvmts w/o a country  
  Transnational terrorists today often have no allegiance to their country of origin, no single country from which they draw their resources, & no single nation as a target  
  An example the true transnational character of terrorism today can be seen in Osama bin Laden & al Qaeda who originate in many nations around the world, who draw resources from many people around the world, & who target nations in the 1st, 2nd, & even 3rd worlds  
  The transnationality of terrorism today makes it extremely difficult to combat or guard against  
  It is in the nature of modernity itself that makes transnational terrorism possible  
  Characteristics of modernity that enhance the operation of transnational terrorism include the world transportation system, the global communication system, the increased porosity of borders, the increased immigration & emigration & movement of people, etc.   
  From 1980 to 1985, 233 Mid East terrorist acts occurred in Europe, where 
-  60 % of the targets were Arab
-  17 % were Israeli
-  16 % were European
-    5 % were American
 
  A terrorist group, Abu Nidal, targets moderate Arabs & Israelis  
  Abu Nidal has attacked officials in Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait & Syria & in 
-  1985 they hijacked an Egyptian plane, killing 59
-  1985 they shot airport passengers in Rome & Vienna
-  1986 they bombed a synagogue in Turkey, killing 21
 
  Hizbollah is centered in Iran & Lebanon & controls an Islamic Jihad, which is based in Lebanon
 
  Both Abu Nida & Hizbollah have engaged in suicide bombing
 
  Islamic Jihad has killed more than 20 people from Europe & the US, & hundreds of mid easterners
 
  In the 1970s  & 80s  Omega 7, an anti Castro group is suspected of 50 bombings & assassinations
 
  Most major terrorist events are transnational in character including:   
  -  in 1988, the Pan Am Flight 103  bombing over Scotland
 
  -  in 1993, the WTC bombing
 
  -  in 2000, the USS Cole Bombing
 
  -  in 2001, the  9/11 Attack  

 
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 Outline on  State Terrorism
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  State terrorism (ST) is terrorism perpetrated by a govt against its own people, other parts of the govt, general society, or against another nation
 
  State terrorism is aka repressive terrorism
 
  The concept of state terrorism underlines the point that govts often use random violence to terrorize its own citizens in order to stifle dissent
 
  ST can include mass murder, individual assassination, execution, beatings, torture, etc.
 
  ST has killed & injured more people than any other kind of collective violence except war  
  In the 1900s & continuing into the 2000s, more people are killed & injured by state terrorism than by all the other types of terrorism combined
 
  Genocide is the killing of a people because of their race, religion, ethnicity, gender, or national origin
 
  Genocide is the most extreme type of state terrorism
 
  The US has supported state terrorism around the globe to align & support allies in pursuit of its imperialist interests & especially during the Cold War  
  The US has been involved in right wing terrorism in Central & So America:  Argentina, Guatemala, Colombia, & other nations
 
  The US has wanted to control these countries & forestall the development of communist or anti US regimes
 
  State terrorism is unique & important because of the number of people affected but more importantly because it is perpetrated by the govt of a nation  
  ST is important because it demystifies the line btwn terrorism as viewed as an illegal, immoral activity, that lies outside of the realm of war & the legal & hence moral acts of govts that are often carried out under the same auspices as war
 
  ST is legal.... in the technical sense that the state is empowered by its citizens to establish & maintain social stability   
  ST is carried out to maintain order  
  A war may be a war perpetrated against citizens & armies, war among armies, war against citizens & armies & ST may also be perpetrated against citizens, armies, or other grps  
  ST is hidden from view while other types of terrorism are held up as immoral  
  State permissiveness is the willingness of state officials to look the other way when violence is committed or even to encourage its use such as the terrorism perpetrated by the KKK
 
  See Also: Structural Causes of Terrorism  
  In the 1800s the US govt & people's genocide against 750, 0000 Native Americans was ST that was both legal & encouraged
 
 
In the 1800s & 1900s, the US fed, state & local govts attacked Labor
 
  In 1897, at a PN coal strike, deputies shot peaceful miners, killing 18, & wounding 40  
  In 1914, in Ludlow, CO, the CO Fuel & Iron Company guards & Nat Guard troops machine gunned mining families in their tent city & set it afire killing 19 including 13 children  
  In 1915, in Turkey, 1 mm Armenians were forced into the desert where they died from thirst, starvation, etc. 
 
  The Holocaust during WW2 killed over 6 mm Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, & others
 
  The Stalinist purges & consolidations before & after WW2:  10 mm peasants, intelligentsia, & opposition
 
  In the 1940s, 50s, & 60s, local police & state troops murdered or beat hundreds of black ( & some white ) civil rights activists in the South  
  In Birmingham, AL, police clubbed nonviolent demonstrators, sprayed them w/ fire hoses, & attacked them w/ dogs  
  The Black Panthers were targeted by police w/ lethal violence & Fred Hampton was shot in bed in Dec, 1969  
  In the 60s & 70s, the US War against Vietnam killed 2 mm Vietnamese soldiers & civilians  
  In the 1970s, the Cambodian govt slaughtered hundreds of thousand of Cambodians to solidify the rule of Pol Pot
 
  In 1989, June, Chinese troops gunned down several thousand unarmed protesters at Tiananmen Square in Beijing  
  In 1994, in Rwandan the govt troops & Hutus slaughtered 1 mm Tutsis
 

 
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 Outline on  Govts & Terrorism
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  While terrorism is often associated w/ non govt orgs, govts also commit terrorism
 
  Often govt sponsored terrorism takes the form of counter mvmt terrorism which aims to intimidate its opponents
 
  Govt sponsored counter mvmt terrorism is most common in authoritarian & totalitarian govts though some democratic govts also engage is terrorism
 
  Govts engage in terrorism through their police, intelligence, & military, as well as through shadow, non govt groups which they sponsor, encourage, or simply allow to operate w/ impunity
 
  The US supported El Salvador w/ millions of dollars of aid, & extensive military training when it was known that the govt had conducted 37,000 political murders from 1979 to `1984
 
  The most common forms of govt sponsored terrorism are political executions, death squads, torture, imprisonment w/o trial, & military attacks against civilian targets
 
  Govt also assist insurgent groups in other countries as Iran has in Lebanon, Libya & the US have in Afghanistan w/ the Taliban regime, the US in Nicaragua, the US in Cuba, etc. 
 
  Govts do not usually participate directly in insurgent terrorism; rather, they assist underground terrorist orgs who carry out the actual attacks
 
  Govts also engage in terrorism when the attempt to intimidate military opponents by bombing entirely civilian targets
 
  Attacks on civilians by govts were common early in history as is documented by Roman attacks against Europeans, Atilla the Hun's decimation of cities, etc.
 
  In the middle ages, war came to be fought almost exclusively btwn armies
 
  During WW2, Germany fire bombed London & the US fire bombed Dresden, Germany, Tokyo, Japan, & more
 
  The US dropped nuclear bombs on the cities of Hiroshima & Nagasaki
 
  Many critics of war believe massive, overwhelming attacks on civilians are terrorism, while other note that civilians today are an integral part of the Military Industrial Congressional Complex
 
  The labeling of who is a terrorist & who is a solder is often done by the more powerful, the victor
 
  Both govts & advocacy groups characterized their opponents as "terrorists" & their supporters as "freedom fighters"
 
  For Farley, it should be behavior & not ideology which defines a terrorist act
 
  For Farley, attacks on civilians are terrorism no matter who commits them
 
  For Farley, Palestinian bombing attacks by undercover, men, women & children on Israeli civilians & Israeli military attacks on Palestinian refugee camps are properly classified as terrorism  

 
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 Outline on the  Causes of Terrorism -- Theories
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  -  Project:  The Causes of Terrorism
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The causes of terrorism parallel those of war, & thus are similar but not the same as the causes of war
 
  Theories of terrorism must be tailored to account for the different groups that practice terrorism, ranging from anarchists to traditional religious groups, as well as the aims they hope to achieve, including revenge, publicity, organizing, social change, etc.   
 
Whatever the causes of war, the aim is to intimidate the enemy & force them to submit to your will, as is the aim of terrorism
 
 
If one follows Clauswitzian theory in that 'war is politics by other means,' & build on him to say that 'terrorism is war by other means,' & extending further, that 'terrorism is politics by other means,' then the aim of terrorism is political in nature usually attempting to bend the will of a larger or more powerful force
 
 
Terrorism occurs when war is considered to be ineffective because the enemy is superior in size, strength, etc. 
 
 
The most widely accepted view of terrorism is that it is caused by socio political econ factors in that one party desires to force its society, its way of life on another group
 
 
Early theories of war, which may be applied to terrorism, are social psychological in nature as seen in McDougall's (1871-1938) view that tendency to war can be traced to an "instinct of pugnacity," an instinct not triggered by specific stimuli but by the blocking of other instincts
 
 
The theory that humanity is inherently aggressive is difficult to prove or disprove & it is not even clear if more or less people are engaged in war & war related activities & it is not clear whether the number of people killed in war as a percentage of the population is going up or down
 
 
War & terrorism are influenced by many of the same principles that influence other forms of collective action
 
 
Terrorists, people engaged in war, & people engaged in collective action generally have grievances; however, only terrorists & people engaged in war use violence
 
 
While the frequency & pervaisiveness of war is not clear, terrorism, social mvmts, & collective action in general are increasing
 
 
Terrorism, & social mvmts in general, can more easily occur in democratic, modern, industrial, global societies because freedom allows one to take advantage of the system
 
 
Post modernists note that as society has become more fragmented, soc mvmts have become less coherent & structured, thus becoming more expressive & less instrumental or effective
 
 
W/ the fragmentation of society, comes the fragmentation of systems of knowledge resulting in people having fundamentally different ways of knowing, ways of interpreting & acting in the world
 
 
Terrorism grows when diverse groups hold radically different views of the world 
 
 
However, it must be noted that it is only in the modern age that humanity has had the hubris to posit one, or even a few ways of knowing, i.e. rationalism, & that historically the fragmentation of systems of knowing is much more common than the harmony of systems of knowing
 
 
The causes of terrorism can be understood in light of political economics in that if a system functions to keep particular classes, ethnic groups, religious groups oppressed economically, socially, politically, etc., then it is likely that they will try to change their system
 
 
If an oppressive group perceives that there is no legitimate route to change w/in the system, & if they perceive that war is not an option, then the opportunities offered by democratic, modern, industrial society offer the avenue of terrorism through which to pursue social change
 
 
Globalization itself is often seen as so oppressive to traditional, or tribalist groups, that it fosters hate toward the engines of globalization, i.e. the core nations & the multinational corps, & the ensuring terrorism
 
 
Some terrorists seek equal opportunity in the global competitive system, others are counter mvmts who seek to establish theocracies, still others want one particular govt brought down, others want one policy changed  
 
Political economic solutions are seen as addressing all of these grievances in that equal opportunity allows for the growth of a middle class who to date has always preferred democracy, the separation of church & state, equality for all parties & other core values of the modern system  
  Political economic solutions create the moderate middle class who can serve as a bulwark against radical tribalists, religious mvmts, and so on  

 
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 Outline on the  Psychological & Social Psychological Causes of Terrorism
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  Most explanations of terrorism focus on insurgent, transnational, & sometimes vigilante terrorism, & usually ignore state terrorism  
  Most Americans favor a psychological approach instead of a structural one, as they do for most political & ideological explanations because this is a strongly individualist country & because elites & the media seek to mystify real relationships  
  Some approaches point out the extent to which terrorists suffer from psychological abnormalities that lead to a sadistic &/or paranoid personality, i.e. a "terrorist personality"  
  An example of psychological / lifestyle profiling as an explanation of a terrorist is the "Shoe Bomber" who was a male, white, a loner, broke, an outcast, scruffy looking, & was a Brit w/ radical sentiments  
  The traditional profile of a terrorist is one who is male, poor, isolated, lives in or has suffered intolerable social conditions, but it is not known what % of terrorists do or do not fit this profile  
  The problems w/ the psycho pathological view are that:  
  a.  the vast majority of people & terrorists do not suffer from a psycho pathology  
  History has repeatedly shown that normal people are capable of committing terrorist acts  
  We like to think that we are not violent, but history, anthropology, sociology, & other social sciences suggest otherwise, though we are quite capable of peaceful existence  
  Violence does not prevent peacefulness from occurring & vice versa  
  b.  a social psychological theory can give us important understanding of why people turn to violence, but it cannot explain why people turn to terrorist violence  
  When we look at psychological & structural factors together, we can begin to understand their relationship is constructing causal understandings mirroring the classic dilemma btwn micro & macro explanations, btwn visible & hidden causes of behavior  
  c.  the psychological approach mystifies & otherwise obscures the religious, historical, political, sociological, economic & other structural conditions that underlie terrorism & suggests that terrorism is abnormal rather than normal  
  "Indeed, under certain conditions, such as those of the [Nazi] death camps, terrorist acts may become the norm, & the deviant personality may be the one who resists committing acts of terrorism"  Peter C. Sederberg, 1998, p. 25 in Barkan & Snowden  
  This is the case in Palestine:  at 1st it was the classic profile of the terrorist who committed a suicide bombing, but in 2000 & 2001, it has become the mid class male & female Palestinians who are volunteering  
  Under the social psychological explanations, terrorism is considered as one of many possible relationships to discontent  
  It is then left to the social & political scientist to determine the structural causes, but it is left to the social psychologists to determine how people will react to them based on alienation, relative deprivation & rising expectations  
  Terrorism is unlikely to occur unless individuals adopt ideologies that justify the use of extreme violence to achieve political goals  
  Ideologies that justify violence & terrorism, or any ideology for that matter, expand through friendship networks & by other means  
  Soc psyc explanations that take ideologies into acct have been used to explain Nazi state terrorism which developed an ideology, based on social Darwinism, which held that Aryan superiority & the structural conditions after WW1 lead to the rise of Hitler & his political party  
  Soc psyc explanations that take ideologies into acct can explain vigilante terrorism wherein a southern racist ideology is combined w/ poor structural conditions  

 
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 Outline on the  Structural Causes of Terrorism
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  Structural explanations of terrorism see terrorist activity as rational (if desperate) responses to structural conditions, especially economic, political, & social conditions  
  Collective violence, terrorism, protests, etc. are simply "politics by other means" (Gamson, 1990) that are invoked when the affected group perceives threats & sees violence as the optimal alternative  
  Thus much insurgent & transnational terrorism is a response to govtl, etc. oppression, just as the colonialists revolted against England because of "a long train of abuses & usurpations"  as written in the US Declaration of Independence  
  Thus the difference btwn the IRA, the PLO & the Am colonists is one of methods while they are similar in the fact that they are responding to, in their view, oppression  
  The primary difference in the social labeling of an act as terrorism or not is whether it can be justified or not on the basis of oppression & inequality  
  Afghanis fighting the Russians, Afghanis fighting Americans, Afghanis fighting Afghanis are all examples of people engaging in collective violence, whether it is called war or terrorism, to, in their view, escape oppression & inequality  
  Note that the structural explanations can also explain state terrorism  
  Southern lynchings increases when the economy worsened, when the price of cotton was falling & inflation was rising  
  Lynchings decreased when the economy improved  
  Another factor in collective violence is population destiny as seen in the social fact that there were less lynchings in counties w/ a majority of blacks  
  State permissiveness is the willingness of state official to look the other way when violence is committed or even to encourage its use  
  The amt of state permissiveness is a structural factor that impacts the type & amt of col violence such as terrorism in general & / or state terrorism  
 
See Also:  State Terrorism  
 
Structural causes represent long term causes of terrorism in that they take a long time, even centuries, to develop, & just as long a time to dissipate
 
  Threshold events are often an immediate cause, & are aka as a precipitating event in the study of collective behavior  
  The general public tends to focus on the threshold events of a terrorist act & is often ignorant of, or confused about structural causes  
  In fact many people will go so far as to deny the validity of a structural cause & instead believe the event is caused by individualistic factors including threshold events, psychological causes, religion, or even individualistic or personal factors such as meanness or evilness  
  Terrorism often does not need a threshold event, since the accumulation of structural causes create deprivation, hence frustration, hence aggression  
  A threshold event, real or imagined, provides the immediate justification for violent action directed at a target group  

 
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 Outline on the  Media's Coverage of Terrorism
External
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  -  Project:  The Media's Dilemma & Terrorism
Link
  In most nations in which state terrorism exists, the govt largely or totally controls the media
 
  In countries like the US, while the media is widely attacked as being liberal, most news is infotainment, & uniform, & middle of the road
 
  Nonstate terrorists do not control the media to the extent that the state may, but they count on the media coverage to spread fear & their goals
 
  Today terrorist events are designed to get maximum media exposure
 
  The media plays an unwitting role in facilitating terrorism & in helping it to succeed
 
  The "media provides the 'oxygen of publicity' on which terrorism thrives"  Kidder, 1998, p. 149
 
  In 1985 during a TWA hijacking in Beirut, Lebanon, terrorists offered TV networks interviews for $12,500 each
 
  The British media refused to cover the TWA hijacking in Beirut, Lebanon while the Am media covered it non-stop
 
 
There is concrete evidence that media coverage of any violent event increases worry, fear, even panic:  i.e. the UFO sightings reported in newspapers, the War of the Worlds, anthrax poisoning, etc.
 
 
There is little evidence that media coverage increases the wider public's support for terrorists' goal, & more likely it decrease such support
 
  However, media publicity does "energize the base;" i.e. publicizing terrorist acts & airing their goals & ideologies does win approval & supporters from those who are sympathetic to the group or their general ideology to begin w/  
  Thus in many ways terrorist acts are designed to "preach to the choir"  
  Another effect of media coverage is that it serves to intimidate or instill fear in those who are attacked or may be attacked  
  A terrorist act which is widely publicized has a much larger effect than one which is not publicized in both rallying the faithful & threatening the general populace  
  Thus media terrorists today seek to design their actions to gain as much publicity as possible  
  Terrorist use or manipulate the general media such as TV news, but they also have become adept at employing the new, alternate media, esp the internet to broadcast their activities & ideologies, & of course the mainstream media does cover terrorist & other 'media events' that occur on the internet  
 
The media generally ignores the structural reasons for terrorist violence & depict it negatively
 
  The media today recognizes the dilemma they are in in that on the one hand they believe that it is their role in society to publish the news whether it be terrorist acts, publicity seeking murderers, or those that break the law in order to have their "15 seconds of fame'" etc. & on the other hand they recognize that such publicity aids   
  The other side of the media's dilemma is that when they are simply doing their job of reporting the news, they recognize that they are aiding those who perpetrate violence  

 
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 Outline on Gender & Terrorism
External
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Terrorism has generally been a male activity though women have always been an integral part of the process
 
 
For the first time in history, a woman carried out a suicide bombing in Spring of 2002
 
 
The first suicide attack by a woman was against Israel, & it has since been followed by another
 
 
Early studies in gender differences focused on biological explanations
 
 
Socialization & opportunity are thought to be more important in establishing gender roles
 
 
American women have been involved in terrorism since the 1960s in groups such as the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA)
 
 
Women have historically committed less crime & much less violent crime than men, though the growth rate of female perpetrated crime is much greater than it is for males
 
 
Women have become soldiers in significant numbers only in the past few decades, reversing a millennial old tradition
 
 
However, in general women are as hawkish & support war as much as men do  
  Women's motivation for suicide bombing is believed to be less nationalistic & more familialistic as it is for many men  
  In the month & yrs after the 9 - 11 attacks women were more hawkish on security than were men & thus pollsters re - nicknamed this segment of women from soccer moms to security moms  
  In patriarchal societies the motivation for male suicide bombers is to sacrifice less for the nationalistic cause & more to support their wives, mothers, & families  
  The male role to sacrifice for the female & the family is one that is socialized in by culture & social structure & is even seen in the animal kingdom & thus is believed to have some roots in both social & natural factors  
  Sociologists have recognized the social fact that for decades one of the major categories of male suicides includes those men who obtain an insurance policy, & then kill themselves leaving the money to their wife & / or family  
  The econ structure around the world creates the situation where the family is often better off when the male head of household is a dead soldier, dead suicide bomber, or even a dead insurance holder  
  Patriarchal societies augment the male sense of sacrifice for the family while non patriarchal societies do not  
  Terrorists & those who recruit men & boys for the military tap into patriarchal / familial sentiments to motivate suicide bombers & soldiers to join up by offering:
a.  money 
b.  support for the family
c.  respect in the community
 
  Thus even in the western industrialized nations the role of male sacrifice can be seen in the fact that soldiers are more likely to come from the lower classes, who can significantly benefit their families by joining up  
  Upper class males are less likely to join up to the military because they have less need to sacrifice in this form for the family benefit because they already have secured econ wellbeing for the family  
  The money for suicide bombers is often not great by western standards but is essentially a lifetime stipend for a family in the 3rd world  
  Support for the the family of a suicide bomber, in addition to the money, is realized in the form of the nearest male taking the important role of head of the family, since a family w/o a male head, even if they have money, is often severely weakened & at a social disadvantage  
  Conversely if the suicide bomber somehow botches or does not go through w/ the attack, the entire family is ostracized  
  Respect in the community raises the status of every family member making the marriageable women & men more appealing & making the women & men more generally respected  
  As societies around the world become less patriarchal & as women become more involved in the econ sector & in supporting the family economically, women are becoming more likely to make the ultimate sacrifice as a soldier, suicide bomber, or even an insurance holder  
  However, today boys as young as 10 are still much more likely to take on roles in collective violence activities than women  
  Boy suicide bombers are much more common than women bombers & boy soldiers are common in some third world country where entire units of boys headed by a man operate  

 
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 Outline on  Countering Terrorism
External
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  -  Project:  Counter Measures to Terrorism
Link
  MILITARY SOLUTIONS  
  Almost all of the work on counter terrorism focuses on insurgent & transnational terrorism & typically ignores vigilante & state terrorism
 
  There cannot be an all purpose solution to terrorism because there is no unified terrorist thereat & because of the diversity of objectives (short & long term)
 
  Law enforcement & military approaches discourage attacks, stop attacks, & respond to attacks & while their actions are important, we must look to other sources for a more comprehensive view
 
  Target hardening includes making targets more secure & safe
 
  The law & the legal system may discourage attacks, but more importantly, it has the ability to defuse the structural causes of terrorism
 
  The effectiveness of pre emptive strikes is in doubt since they often cause more animosity
 
  The Israeli invasion of the West Bank in 2002 destroyed some bomb factories & capturing some leaders, but history will tell whether it is radicalizing an entire generation of Arabs
 
  Is the American attack against Afghanistan in 2001-2002 effective?
 
  The US bombings in Afghanistan & Africa in retaliation to the bombing of the USS Cole are generally thought to be counter effective
 
  The US bombing of Libya in response to the Berlin attacks is thought to have caused the Flight 103 bombing
 
  Counter terrorism poses a threat to our civil liberties though the implementation of such policy options as 
-  the universal ID
-  video surveillance
-  treasury surveillance of all of our financial transactions ( begun in 2004 )
-  lax restrictions of wire tapes, surveillance, incarceration, etc. in the name of national security
 
  ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SOLUTIONS  
  If inequality, oppression, & other social problems lie at the heart of terrorism, then this is where the solution lies
 
  Rubenstein argues that terrorism derives from US imperialism & that an end to US involvement in other nations would do much to end terrorism
 
  Most experts on globalization agree that economic & social conditions around the world are worsening
 
  Amnesty International documents the worst examples of govt violence  
  There is always the question of whether terrorists can be assuaged or where they desire the downfall of western society  
  Many social analysts including significant actors in the political & military sectors of western society recognize that law enforcement & military solutions to terrorism, war & other forms of collective violence are merely addressing symptoms of collective violence  
  Reducing poverty, exploitation, & oppression is the ultimate solution to terrorism & war  
  However, law enforcement & military solutions are easier in that social solutions are less developed & much more complex  
  Social solutions to poverty, exploitation, & oppression on a global scale have only been developed in the last few decades through orgs such as the UN, the Peace Corp, & other such efforts as the program to establish free nations in the Balkans after the Balkan war of the 1990s, & Iraq in the 2000s  
  And nation building in Iraq certainly focused more on a military solution than a nation building solution, at least in the beginning  
  It is not clear how to establish a nation in Iraq at this time  
  Perhaps when nations spend as much money on their equivalent of the State Department, focusing on diplomatic & economic development, as on the Department of Defense, nation building will be as viable & effective a solution as military domination & war  
  It is important to note that in general the economic elite of the world both benefit from war because supplying the military industrial complex is highly profitable, & because they have a secured grip on the wider economy  
  Because the world elite classes would lose their advantages of the profitability of the military industrial complex & the wider economy if solutions to poverty, if exploitation, & oppression were to be eliminated, some social analysts view the elite as actively working to preserve their interests & inflame war & conflict, while other social analysts disagree  
  RELIGIOUS SOLUTIONS  
  While some maintain that religious radicalism is also a root cause to terrorism, war & other forms of collective violence, this has not been conclusively demonstrated  
  Throughout history, in nations throughout the world, radical, violent religious sentiments have lessened as economic & social justice have expanded  
  An example of the lessening of radical & violent tendencies of religion can be seen in the development of Christianity which in the Middle Ages & the Early Industrial Era was a factor in centuries of warfare around the world but now is not generally seen as an important factor  
  Radical, violent religious sentiments increase under conditions of social & economic oppression & lessen under favorable social & economic conditions  
  The role of religion in collective violence is often confused because religious, race, & ethnic lines often parallel class lines  
  The parallel of religious, race, & ethnic lines w/ class lines can be seen in the situation of Northern Ireland where the Protestant British upper class exploited & militarily dominated the Catholic Irish in their own nation of Ireland  
  This Protestant - Catholic war which has raged & cooled over centuries has on the surface appeared as a religious war when it has as much to do w/ economic & social exploitation of a poor nation by a powerful one in order to be able to economically exploit the conflicted territory  
  The Arab - Israeli conflict in the middle east appears as a Islamic - Jewish religious war when it has has as much to do w/ economic & social exploitation  
  While there is no doubt that ideologies of religious & moral tolerance are an important part of ending collective violence, most social analysts believe that these messages must be combined w/ economic & social solutions  

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