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Review Notes on  IS Lecture 7:  Race & Discrimination
America's (Last?) Great Social Problems
External
Links
Link
 Social Injustice  
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 Intro to Race & Ethnicity  
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          Racial & Ethnic Demographics  
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          Social Differentiation & Social Injustice, aka Discrimination   
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          Majority /  Minority Patterns of Interaction:   
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          Causes of Contemporary Racial/Ethnic Inequality  
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                      Police Corruption   
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                      The Black Lives Matter Movement   
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          Defeating Racism  
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                     Affirmative Action  
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                     Affirmative Action Backlash  
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 Socio Historical Analysis of Race Relations:  
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          Race in Hunter Gatherer Societies  
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          Race in the Pre Empire Era  
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          Race in the Middle Ages  
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          Race in the Early Industrial Age  
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          Race in the Industrial Age  
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          Race under Global Capitalism  

 
Internal
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  Outline on  Social Injustice 
External
Links
  Social differentiation is any type of difference based on any perception of difference  
  Physical differences must be socially recognized to be socially differentiated  
  Today we base social differentiation on many factors, such as economics, religion, gender, age, race, ethnicity, nationality, language, cliques, and more  
  What are some less common forms of social differentiation?











































 

  
 
 Each types of social differentiation often has a related form of social injustice, such as
- economics & classism                        - age & ageism
- gender & sexism                               - nationality & ?
- race/ethnicity & racism                       - sexual preference & homophobia
- religion  &   ?                                     - etc.
 
 
 The two most common types of injustices based on social differentiation are sexism & racism
 
  People & social institutions often confuse the occurrence of social differentiation w/ the occurrence of social injustice  

 
Top  
What are some less common forms of social differentiation?
height
intelligence
status
disabilities
region		 sexual preference
weight
looks:  body type, beauty... 
accent
hairiness, etc. 

 
Internal
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  Outline on an Intro to  Race & Ethnicity 
External
Links
  RACE IS A SOCIAL CATEGORY THAT CANNOT BE DEMONSTRATED BY PHYSICAL SCIENCE   
  It is impossible to locate any 'pure' races of people in that the mixture w/in each broad category defies classification in that 'racial characteristics' vary w/in race as much as across race   
  Biologists have mapped the complete DNA of humans & comparing thousands of living humans all over the world shows that the DNA of 'racial' categories are more often more similar than the DNA w/in these 'racial' categories   
  For example East Indians have dark skin & Euro facial features   
  India is extremely diverse &  w/ over 1 bb people & there are Indians whose complexions are from white to black   
  Racial theory has been all but discredited but anthropologists who studied the East Indians stated that Indians fit into the Caucasian category   
  East Indians consider themselves white because race is not solely based on skin color, it also has to do w/ bone structure, hair type, height, etc   
  The Indians hold a resemblance to Europeans in their features, and a lot of Mediterranean countries have India as their source population   
  The Oxford Dictionary defines Caucasian as relating to a broad division of humankind covering peoples from Europe, western Asia, &  parts of India & North Africa   
  Racial classification is inexact & science shows that it is an obsolete & inaccurate concept; the cultures of the world have yet to understand that the Human Race is what ALL people belong to   
  RACE IS A CATEGORY THAT THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES HAVE FAILED TO FIND TO EXIST   
  A race is a group of people who share socially recognized physical characteristic(s), a social or cultural heritage (typically ancestry or religion) & recognize themselves as a distinct status group   
  A race is a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important   
  Race is a significant concept because most people regard it as very important   
  WI Thomas said 'situations defined as real are real in their consequences,' & so it is w/ race   
  Race is a social category rather than a biological category & thus racial differences are only important because:   
  a.  people have defined them as important & acted upon these socially defined definitions   
  b.  cultural & sub cultural differences are often associated w/ race due to the long term separation of grps w/ socially defined racial differences   
  ETHNICITY IS THE RECOGNITION BY SOCIAL GRPS THAT CULTURAL VARIATION MAY DEFINE A CATEGORY OF PEOPLE   
  People frequently confuse the terms race & ethnicity & use them interchangeably, but they are not the same   
  An ethnic group is a group of people who share a socially recognized social or cultural heritage ( typically ancestry or religion ) & recognize themselves as a distinct status group   
  An ethnic group is a category of people who are recognized as a distinct status group entirely on the basis of social or cultural criteria, such as nationality or religion, but cannot be recognized by their physical appearance alone   
  An ethnic grp refers to a grp that is relatively distinct in cultural backgrd compared w/ dominant grps in the society   
  Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage   
  Ethnicity involves even more variability & mixture than race because most people identify w/ more than one ethnic background   
  Examples of ethnic groups include gypsies, Jews, Italians, southerners, etc.   
  Our conception of race is a form of social differentiation: race is much more a socially defined trait,  than a genetic one   
  Racial & ethnic groups are socially defined categories of people who share a common ascribed status   
  Membership in racial & ethnic groups is generally hereditary   
 
 There is no reliable way to identify a person's ethnic group by his or her physical appearance 
 
  Many separate ethnic grps may be considered racially identical; for example, Euros are similar in socially defined racial characteristics, yet they represent diverse cultural grps & among Americans are ethnic grps such as Polish American, German Americans, Japanese Americans, & so on   
  MAJORITY / MINORITY LABELS REFER TO THE POWER A GRP EXHIBITS, NOT POPULATION NUMBERS   
  Those in the disadvantaged or subordinate positions in a society are called the minority group   
  A minority is a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged   
  Minorities have two important characteristics: a distinct identity & subordination   
  Not all members of a minority category are disadvantaged   
 
 Those in the advantaged or dominant positions in a society are called the majority group 
 
 
 In considering the definition of minority & majority groups, note that a numerical minority can be a majority the sociological sense 
 
  A minority is any category of people, characterized by physical or cultural differences, that a society sets apart & subordinates   
  While women fit the definition of a minority group, most white women do not think of themselves in this way   
  A numerical majority of people can be "the minority" if they are subordinated & therefore the beliefs of the various grps in society is important in determining majority / minority status   
  Minority women are doubly disadvantaged, as explained by intersection theory, the investigation of the interplay of race, class, & gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage   
 
 The underclass includes poor people who are chronically unemployed or underemployed & who lack the necessary skills to obtain stable, quality employment   
  In the US, minority usually refers to blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans & other non-white ethnic groups   
  The term white ethnics has meaning because whites share a socially recognized social or cultural heritage & recognized themselves as a distinct status group   
  Whites have a long history of ethnic conflict as recently seen in the form Yugoslavia, btwn Irish & English, & historically btwn English, French, & Germans which are all different ethnic groups   
  MOST SOCIAL & PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS CATEGORIZE PEOPLE INTO 9 RACES   
  Humans share 97 % of the same genes w/ chimpanzees & the other 2 % of our genetic code largely defines non-racial differentiation (weight, height, etc.) & thus less than 1% of our genetic code defines race   
  Number of races:  Most experts now recognize nine races 
 
  Most of humanity has their origins in the THREE ancestral root races 
- Negroid who are primarily African Asian
- Mongoloid who are primarily Asian Oceania
- Caucasoid who are primarily European Asian
 along w/ SIX others, including the 
- Aborigines of Australia
- Micronesians of the Yap Islands
- Negritos of the Philippines
- Australian
- Melanesian
- Polynesian		  
  Race came into being as a social category when 19th C biologists tried to construct racial types   
 
 Some of the names of the races come from early examinations of race which wrongly held that their origins were near the areas of Mongolia in east central Asia, Nigeria in Africa near the west central horn of Africa, & the Caucasus Mountains in central Eurasia 
 
  Social scientists consider terms like Caucasoid, Negroid, & Mongoloid as misleading at best because there are no biologically pure races & because the names come from regions wrongly believed to be the cradle of that race   
  THE ORIGIN OF RACES IS IN   
 
 There are TWO theories of racial origins, but there is little clear scientific understanding of why, where, & how races originated 
 
 
 1.  Dispersion theory holds that we all have one ancient ancestor in Africa & that species dispersed throughout world & as it did, people changed & races emerged 
 
 
 2.  Isolation theory holds that people did not originate only in Africa but all over the world (except No & So Am --to where people migrated) & thus similar beings, people emerged in relative isolation but w/ similar characteristics except for race 
 
  DNA mapping demonstrates the folly of the category of race & the existence of our common origins in Africa   
  DNA mapping has also shown that all humans originated in Africa   
  About 50 K yrs ago homo sapiens began moving out of Africa, going north & east, w/ one grp arriving in what is now Australia some 46 K yrs ago   
  After several thousand yrs, there were superficial changes among these humans in things like skin color to adapt to new climates around the world   
 
 THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE 
 
  Obach points out that the idea that race is socially constructed is widely accepted w/in social science disciplines   
  Because people tend to view their world as an objective reality divorced, in many ways, from interpretation or constructed meaning, we often don't see race, or we ignore race as much as we can   
  It is difficult overcome the idea that nature determines race & to comprehend the principle of the social construction of race because the processes of the social construction of any identity, whether it be racial, gender, class, age, etc. are so subtle & pervasive   

 
Internal
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 Outline on   Racial & Ethnic Demographics
External
Links
 
 -  Supplement:  Arab Americans: A Brief Profile 
Link
 
 -  Supplement:"What Race Are You?" 
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  -  Video:  The Gangs of New York 
Link
 
 As the history of the United States reflects, the door has been opened more widely for some groups than for other   
 
 The US racial/ethnic demographic is that of 281 million people in the US in 2000 there were five widely recognized groups 
 
 
 While the reached 300 million people in October of 2006, the basic demographic shares of racial / ethnic groups is about the same except that Hispanics & Asians are growing at a slightly higher rate than other groups 
 
 
 GRAPHS OF RACIAL/ETHNIC COMPOSITION   
 Link
 The Pie Chart on the 1990 Census Data on Race in US 
 
 Link
 The Pie Chart on the 2000 Census Data on Race in the US shows that we are made of of 63% whites, 13% blacks, 13 % Hispanics, 4 % Asians, & others 
 
 Link
 The Numerical Table on the 2000 Census Data on Hispanics in US 
 
 Link
 The Pie Chart on the Demographics of US Hispanics shows that the majority of US Hispanics are from Mexico 
 
Link
 A Map of County by County Ancestry   
  NATIVE AMERICANS   
  In the late 2000s, Native Ams make up about 1 % of the US pop   
 
 Native Ams were the original inhabitants of the Americas whose population was decimated as a result of the intended & unintended genocidal practices of Europeans 
 
 
 Before European contact, Native Ams lived in hundreds of distinct societies 
 
 
 Btwn 1871 & 1924, Native Ams were subjected to a policy of forced assimilation 
 
 
 Today Native Ams are encouraged to migrate from reservations to the cities in search of econ opportunity, but they remain far behind whites in educational & econ standing 
 
 
 Many tribes & individuals have recently come together to assert pride in their culture 
 
 
 WHITE ANGLO SAXON PROTESTANTS ( WASPs ) 
 
  In the late 2000s, WASPs  make up about  63 % of the US pop, & while their overall numbers are growing, they are growing slower than the rest of the pop   
 
 WASPs, mostly of English origin, have dominated the US since colonial days 
 
 
 Most WASPs who came to this country were highly skilled & motivated to achieve because they were escaping Euro exploitation 
 
 
 Especially in the last century, many WASPs strongly opposed subsequent waves of non Anglo immigrants 
 
 
 The WASP's power is gradually declining as we enter the 21st C 
 
  WHITE ETHNIC AMERICANS   
  White ethnic Ams come from European nations other than Britain   
  Most white ethnic Ams experienced substantial prejudice & discrimination when they arrived here in the 19th C   
  White ethnic Ams experienced discrimination & exploitation based on ethnicity, religion, & nationalism   
  Many white ethnic Ams have now fully assimilated & achieved substantial success   
  AFRICAN AMERICANS   
  In the late 2000s, African Ams  make up about 14 % of the US pop, &  their overall numbers are growing, & they are growing faster than the rest of the pop   
  African Ams came to this country as indentured servants or slaves   
  This denial of basic human rights was a sharp contradiction to the promise of the American republic, a fact which sociologist Gunnar Myrdal referred to as "the American dilemma"   
  In 1865, the 13th Amendment to the Constitution outlawed slavery, but after Reconstruction Jim Crow laws perpetuated the subordinate status of African Ams   
  In the first part of the 20th C, a mass migration of African Ams to the cities of the North occurred, followed by the civil rights mvmt of the 1960s   
  Even today, African Ams continue to be econly disadvantaged as a group, a problem exacerbated by the loss of factory jobs that has accompanied Am's move to a service econ   
  The educational gap btwn whites & blacks has narrowed substantially in recent years   
  The political clout of African Ams has increased substantially in recent decades  
  ASIAN AMERICANS   
  In 2000, close to 4 percent of the American population was made up Asian Americans   
  In the late 2000s,  Asian Ams make up about 5 % of the US pop, & their overall numbers are growing, & they are growing faster than the rest of the pop   
  Enormous cultural diversity marks the Asian Am category of people   
  Asian Americans have a "model minority" image   
  CHINESE AMERICANS   
  Chinese immigration began w/ the Gold Rush of the 1800s   
  When the econ soured, discrimination increased & harsh laws were enacted limiting further immigration   
  In response to violence & discrimination, most Chinese Ams clustered in closed ghettoes called Chinatowns   
  Assimilation & upward mobility marked the era that began w/ World War II   
  Chinese Ams currently outpace the national average econly & educationally, although many living in Chinatowns continue to experience poverty   
  JAPANESE AMERICANS   
  Japanese Americans also came to this country in the last century to work, & soon experienced legal & social discrimination   
  During the Second World War, many were confined in relocation camps   
  After the war, many made a dramatic economic recovery, & today this group is above the national average in financial standing   
  Their upward social mobility has also strongly encouraged cultural assimilation & interracial marriage   
  RECENT ASIAN IMMIGRANTS   
  More recent Asian immigrants include Koreans & Filipinos   
  Large scale Korean immigration followed the Korean War   
  Korean Americans often own & operate small businesses   
  After the Vietnam War, there were many immigrants from SE Asia, esp Vietnamese & Cambodians   
  Filipinos enjoy relatively high incomes   
  HISPANIC / LATINO AMERICANS   
  In the late 2000s, African Ams  make up about 15 % of the US pop, & their overall numbers are growing, & they are growing faster than the rest of the pop  
  Today in the US, there are nearly equal percentages of blacks & Hispanics   
  Today in the US, Hispanics in the US are primarily of Mexican origin & Mexicans are more Spanish than Native Am   
  Although the Hispanic population is increasing all over the country, most Hispanic Americans live in the Southwest   
  MEXICAN AMERICANS   
  Most Mexican Ams (or Chicanos) are recent immigrants, though some lived in Mexican territory annexed by the US in the last century   
  Mexican Ams are well below the national average in econ & educational attainment   
  PUERTO RICANS   
 
 Puerto Ricans are American citizens & travel freely btwn the island & the mainland, especially in New York City 
 
 
 They are the most socially disadvantaged Hispanic minority 
 
  CUBAN AMERICANS   
  Many Cubans fled the 1959 Marxist revolution & settled in Miami & other US cities   
  Most were well educated business & professional people & have done relatively well in this country   
  ARAB AMERICANS   
  In the late 2000s, Arab Ams make up less than 1 % of the US pop & total around 2 mm   
  Arab Americans are another US minority that is increasing in size   
  "Arab" (an ethnic category) is not the same as "Muslim," a follower of the Islamic religion   
  A majority of the people living in most Arab countries are Muslim, but some Arabs are Christians or followers of other religions   
  Because Arabs have come to the US from so many nations, they are a culturally diverse population   
  Included in the Arab Am population are people of all social classes   
  There are large, visible Arab Am communities in a number of US cities   
  The number of officially recorded interracial births has tripled in the last three decades   
 
 Although members of Am society attach considerable importance to race, biologically speaking, race has less & less meaning in the US
 

 
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The Pie Chart on the 1990 Census Data on Race in US
 
 


 
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The Pie Chart on the 2000 Census Data on Race in the US

The Pie Chart on the 2000 Census Data on Race in the US shows that we are made of of 63% whites, 13% blacks, 13 % Hispanics, 4 % Asians, & others


 
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The Numerical Table on the 2000 Census Data on Hispanics in US


 
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Pie Chart on the Demographics of US Hispanics, 2002

The Pie Chart on the Demographics of US Hispanics shows that the majority of US Hispanics are from Mexico

 
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Internal
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Outline on  Social Differentiation & Social Injustice,  aka Discrimination
External
Links
  -  Project:  Examples of social differentiation
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  -  Project:  The Individual, Organizational, & Institutional Discrimination 
Link
  -  Project:  Video: All In the Family:  Images of Discrimination 
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  -  Video: All In the Family: Discrimination in Housing & Marriage 
Link
  Summary:
Note: This typology applies to racism, gender, nationalism, & all of the social injustices are based on social differentiation
Type of Social Injustice 
based on Social Differentiation		 Component of Social Differentiation
1. Stereotypes cognitive
2. Ethnocentrism cognitive
3. Prejudice cognitive
4. Ideological Chauvinism cognitive
5. Bias behavioral
6. Individual Discrimination behavioral
7. Organizational discrimination  behavioral
8. Institutional Discrimination behavioral
9.  Legal Discrimination behavioral
10.  Statistical Discrimination behavioral
 
  Social differentiation is a behavior or a social arrangement (action), & the norms & beliefs that support such (mental state), that has intent or effect of differentiating one cultural group over another   
  Societal differentiation is often thought of, in common usage, as unjust or negative social differentiation (prejudice, discrimination, etc.) that favors one group over another but technically it refers to any type of differentiating people whether that is interpreted as being good or evil  
  Equal or fair social differentiation favors no one, & includes everyone  
blank
 The bases of Social Differentiation may be:
Economics Ethnicity Cliques
Religion Nationality Criminal Status
Race Gender Age.....
        that is, any criteria by which people differentiate one another
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  There are EIGHT types of social differentiation, which may have either a cognitive & behavioral component, or both  
  1.  STEREOTYPE               cognitive  
  A stereotype is an exaggerated belief concerning a group of people that assumes that nearly everyone in the group possesses a certain characteristic  
  Stereotyping is the attributing a group's characteristics to an individual  
  A stereotype is a one sided, exaggerated & often prejudicial view of a group, tribe or class of people, & is usually associated with racism & sexism but is used in everyday life about any group we encounter / know   
Link
 There is an archaic meaning of stereotype  
  Sociologists see stereotyping as exaggeration & thus not generally accepted as wrong, evil, bad, unfair, etc.  
  Stereotypes function to distinguish one group from another  
  Stereotypes are often used in jokes  
  However, the "art of PC," i.e. good manners, dictates that one must be careful & not cross line from stereotype to prejudice
 
  Stereotypes are often resistant to change even in the face of contradictory evidence in part because they create a sense of solidarity among the in group  
Link
 An example of a stereotype is the assumption that an individual has the characteristics of the group
 
  2.  ETHNOCENTRISM              cognitive  
  Ethnocentrism is a pattern whereby people view their own culture as normal, natural, & superior, & judge other cultures accordingly  
  Within a culturally homogenous group, ethnocentrism performs the function of promoting solidarity, pride & cooperation   
  Within a tolerant, heterogeneous society, ethnocentrism functions to promote solidarity, pride & cooperation, but if the society is not tolerant, ethnocentrism may be overdone & dysfunction & to promote divisiveness, hubris, & conflict  
 
 3.  PREJUDICE                cognitive
 
  Prejudice is a rigid & irrational generalization about an entire category of people   
  Prejudices are pre judgments & they can be positive or negative   
  Prejudice often takes the form of stereotypes, which are exaggerated descriptions applied to every person in some category   
  A prejudice is a categorical & unfounded attitude or belief concerning a group or an individual   
  A prejudice is a stronger, more exaggerated form of stereotype that crosses a line, that the target group does not accept  
  The relation btwn prejudice & discrimination is not always clear in that a person may be prejudiced & never act on it or a person may not be prejudice but act on it, i.e. discriminate  
Link
 Examples:  Believing that women are too emotional for work  
 
 4.  IDEOLOGICAL CHAUVINISM     cognitive  
  Ideological chauvinism is a "world view" ( integrated set of knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, attitudes ) that one cultural group is inherently superior to another  
 
 Chauvinism is the prejudiced belief in the superiority of one's own group  
  Ideological chauvinism is often used as justification for the various types discrimination  
  Ideological chauvinism is often integrated into other ideological systems, especially religious & scientific world views  
  An important function of ideological chauvinism is to justify the exploitation of the minority group, in which case it is often called ideological racism  
Link
 Examples:  Hitler's concept of a "master race"  
 
 5.  BIAS                        behavioral
 
  Bias is the presenting of one side of an argument  
  Bias is also a technical term in the social sciences denoting questionnaires or media bias   
Link
 Examples  
  6.  INDIVIDUAL DISCRIMINATION     behavioral  
  Closely related to prejudice is discrimination, treating various categories of people unequally  
  While prejudice refers to attitudes, discrimination is a matter of actions  
  Like prejudice, discrimination may be positive or negative  
  Individual discrimination is any behavior that intentionally or unintentionally treats people differently or unfairly or favors one person or group on the basis of race, ethnicity, sex or some other characteristic  
  Discrimination refers to what people do:  it is behavioral  
Link
 Examples:  racism, sexism  
 
 Racism is an attitude, belief, behavior, or social arrangement (i.e. action) that has the intent or the ultimate effect of favoring one racial or ethnic group over another
 
  Racism is a powerful & destructive form of prejudice, racism refers to the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another   
  7.  ORGANIZATIONAL DISCRIMINATION    behavioral  
  Orgl discrimination occurs when people are cooperating or conspiring in individual acts of prejudice, discrimination, etc.  
  Conspiracies are considered to be a much more serious type of crime than one person working alone   
  Orgl discrim can occur if one or more people are discrim, & one or more people are not directly involved but are aware of the discrim, & are looking the other way  
 
 8.  INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION    behavioral
 
  Institutional prejudice & discrimination refers to bias inherent in the operation of society's institutions  
 
 Institutional discrimination is the behaviors or arrangements in social institutions or any social arrangement that intentionally or unintentionally favors one race, sex, ethnic group, religion, etc. over another
 
 
 Institutional discrimination is the widespread practices & arrangements w/in social institutions that have the intent or effect of favoring one race (usually the majority group) over another (usually the minority group)
 
 
 Institutional discrimination is the systematic practices that lead to inequality btwn groups, i.e. men & women, whites & blacks  
 
 The difference btwn individual & institutional discrimination is that if an individual action is part of a larger, systematic pattern, then it is institutional  
Link
 Examples:  Racial steering, aka red lining, is the practice in the real estate industry of showing white customers houses in white neighborhoods while showing black customers houses in black or mixed neighborhoods  
Link
 Examples of the difference btwn individual, orgl, & institl discrimination  
 
 9.  LEGAL DISCRIMINATION         behavioral
 
  Legal discrimination is the behaviors or arrangements in the laws of political institutions or rules in organizations supported by such laws that intentionally or unintentionally favor one race, sex, ethnic group, religion, etc. over another  
 
 Legal discrimination is a very obvious, serious, & widespread form of discrimination that requires legitimacy in form of ideological chauvinism to justify / uphold the law
 
 
 Note:  The elimination of legal discrimination does not necessarily eliminate the behavior or the ideology
 
Link
 Examples of Legal Discrimination  
 
 10.  STATISTICAL DISCRIMINATION        behavioral
 
  Statistical discrimination occurs when there is no direct evidence of discrimination, yet a numerical examination demonstrates the persistence of discrimination   
  Statistics themselves are not discriminatory, but they may be used to demonstrate a discriminatory practice  
  Example:  the poverty rate of Whites is one third that of Blacks  
  The concept of statistical discrimination is controversial & it is not accepted by the courts, yet it is widely accepted by social scientists
 
  Employers may choose candidates on the basis of statistically average qualifications of the group, rather than on an individual's qualifications  
  Thus, an employer may choose a White high school grad over a Hispanic grad because of the statistically based belief that the White is better qualified, thus confusing the average w/ the particular situation  
  Statistical discrimination entails prejudice on the part of the employer because of the willingness to attribute a group's average characteristics to every member of that group  
  Because discrimination has been pervasive in the past, as in the case of minorities & women in American, many group characteristics such as education, training, & work histories still, on average, favor the majority group, but it is expected that over generations, as discrimination lessens, the disparity of group characteristics will decrease  
  The reality of the disparity btwn average group characteristics of minority & majority groups makes statistical discrimination particularly hard to eradicate  
  Statistical discrimination is especially likely in situations where employers do not take the trouble to carefully assess applicants' qualifications on a case by case basis  
Link
 Examples  
  Prejudice & discrimination form a vicious cycle based on the Thomas theorem which states that situations defined as real become real in their consequences  
Link
 The Table on Roles & Behavioral & Cognitive Social Differentiation shows that all weather liberals are unprejudiced & generally do not discriminate, fair weather liberals are unprejudiced but may discriminate, timid bigots are prejudiced but generally do not discriminate, & all weather bigots are prejudiced & generally discriminate  
  According to Robert Merton, prejudice & discrimination may combine in different ways, including:  active bigotry, timid bigotry, fair weather liberalism, & all weather liberalism 
  The roles of all weather, fair weather, or timidity in social differentiation often occur in a inconsistent manner among the many types of social differentiation, thus a person may be a fair weather liberal on prejudice, but an all weather bigot on legal discrimination  
  MEASURING PREJUDICE:  THE SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE 
 
  One measure of prejudice is social distance, which refers to how closely people are willing in interact  members of some category  
  Emory Bogardus developed the social distance scale & he found that people feel much more social distance toward some categories than others
 
  A recent study using the social distance scale found that: 
 
  a.  the trend toward greater acceptance has continued
 
  b.  people see less difference among various minorities 
 
  c.  the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, may have reduced social acceptance of Arabs & Muslims 
 

 
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Archaic meaning of stereotype

Process of making metal plates for printing by taking a mold of composed type & then taking from this mold a cast ( Plate ) in type metal
To give a fixed or settled meaning to   [ to average out ]
Of an established conventional form or kind:  e.g. a stereotyped smile


 
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Examples of Stereotypes

Sexism
Women drivers
Racism
White men can't jump

 "All Asians are brilliant at math & science." 
Elders are wise
White men can't jump
Whites walk like they are constipated
Whites hate/are prejudiced against blacks

True stereotypes
Rich people do better in school & go farther in school
True, but not of all rich people
Is not a trait of the person, but of their social situation


 
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Examples of prejudice

Beliefs supporting Racial Steering: aka Red-Lining: 
___________ are lazy
Men are pigs


 
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Examples of ideological discrimination

KKK doctrine
Aryan Nation doctrine
Nazism

Patriarchy
Womanist


 
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Examples of Bias

What is your opinion of candidate Smith who has been accused of being an adulterer?


 
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Examples of Individual Discrimination

Racism
Hate crimes
Violence
Robbery
Slurs


 
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Examples of institutional discrimination

Unequal educational opportunities
Police brutality

Racial Steering: aka Red-Lining:  Practice in the real estate industry of showing customers houses in neighborhoods of same race/ethnicity

Unfair hiring, firing, lay-offs, promotions, etc.

IQ tests

Movement of jobs out of inner cities to the white suburbs

Glass Ceiling

Katrina relief:  White sectors of NO had been built on slightly higher ground that Black sections of NO, so when the floods came there was a belief that White areas were salvageable while Black areas were triaged as unsalvageable

Police Protection:  Many cities have a policy that robberies of less than, for example $15,000, will not have a detective assigned to them.  The police do this because they must have some way to allocate the limited policing forces that they have.  The policy of allocating detectives to robberies has the effect that most detective work on cases where Whites are the victims.  Crimes where Blacks are the victims are almost totally ignored.
 


 
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Examples of legal discrimination

Men's control of women
Only white, male, land owning people may vote
Slavery
Jim Crow laws
Segregation in education
Apartheid


 
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Examples of the difference btwn individual, organizational, & institutional discrimination

Individual Discrimination: 
One racist cop may be involved in individual discrimination

Orgl Discrimination: 
But if cop is part of Dept that looks the other way, that is organizational discrimination

The line btwn individual discrimination & organizational discrimination is not clear because one or more people in an org may be discriminating but they are not aware of each other or cooperating

When people are aware of other's cooperation in discrimination, this is orgl discrimination

Institutional Discrimination:

Policies which control where police forces are deployed, such as allocating detectives to high value crimes, is institutional.  But if the same activity was done not because of a policy but because of individual discrim, i.e. the police did not want to investigate low value crimes because of prejudice, this is individual discrim.  And if the same activity was done because of the prejudiced beliefs of a grp of officers, this is orgl discrim.

The differences btwn individual, organizational, & institutional discrimination is important because detection & solutions lie in different areas


 
Top  
Examples of Statistical discrimination

A population is half men & half women, w/ overall equal qualifications,
no instances of discrimination,
yet the workforce is only 10% women

% of minorities in a workforce, neighborhood, etc. is not proportional to overall population

Looking at overall characteristics & ignoring individual qualities
(employer believes that overall whites are better qualified) 


 
Top  
Table on Roles & Behavioral & Cognitive Social Differentiation
The Table on Roles & Behavioral & Cognitive Social Differentiation shows that All Weather Liberals are unprejudiced & generally do not discriminate, Fair Weather Liberals are unprejudiced but may discriminate, Timid Bigots are prejudiced but generally do not discriminate, & All Weather Bigots are prejudiced & generally discriminate

 
Internal
Links

Top
 Outline on  Majority / Minority Patterns of Interaction
External
Links
  Social scientists describe interaction btwn majority & minority members of a society in terms of the several models, including:  pluralism, assimilation, segregation, genocide
 
  PLURALISM 
 
  Pluralism is a state in which racial & ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity 
 
  The US is pluralistic to the extent that all people have equal standing under the law, but it also has non pluralistic characteristics 
 
  ASSIMILATION 
 
  The term assimilation to describe the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category of people 
 
  The degree of assimilation in the US varies by the category of people by race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, etc. 
 
  Assimilation in the US has occurred more rapidly for grps defined by ethnicity than race 
 
  For racial traits to diminish over generations requires miscegenation, biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories 
 
  SEGREGATION 
 
 
 Segregation is the physical & social separation of categories of people 
 
 
 Segregation may be voluntary, but it is usually imposed 
 
  Segregation by race & ethnicity was legal in the US until the Civil War & then many laws were passed to keep segregation legal   
  The Civil Rights Mvmt of the 1950s & 60s began to break down segregation laws & norms & this process of desegregation continues today  
 
 GENOCIDE 
 
 
 Genocide is the systematic killing of one category of people by another 
 
 
 Genocide has been used throughout history but was made illegal after WW 2 
 
 
 Despite the illegality of genocide, it still occurs today w/ one of the major genocides of the 2000s taking place in Darfur, a region of Sudan in NE Africa
 
 
 ETHNIC CLEANSING 
 
 
 Ethnic cleansing is the process of removal of a people from an area by either forced relocation or genocide 
 
 
 Like segregation, ethnic cleansing can be voluntary or involuntary, but is usually involuntary 
 
 
 Ethnic cleansing has occurred recently in the Balkan region (the former Yugoslavia), & may be occurring in the late 2000s in Iraq 
 

 
Internal
Links

Top
 Outline on   Causes of Contemporary Racial / Ethnic Inequality
External
Links
  -  Video:  Crash
Link
  -  Project:  Crash 
Link
  -  Supplement:  Time Mag: Kids & Race
Link
  Summary of the Causes of Racial / Ethnic Inequality:
A.  Social Psychological Theories
      1.  Authoritarian Personality
      2   Projection & Scapegoats
      3.  Social Learning
B.  Social Structural Theories
      1.  Functionalism
      2.  Conflict Theory
           a. Internal Colonialism
           b. Split Labor Market
           c. Marxist Theory		  
  Modern racism arose in the middle ages, during the Age of Exploration, as an ideology to support conquest & genocide  
  The causes of racism have roots in the middle ages, but the causes of contemporary racism are different than the causes of ancient racism  
  A. There are THREE social psychological theories which explain social differentiation
 
  1. An authoritarian personality type is related to social differentiation by 7 traits.  Authoritarians
a.  see life in clear compartments of black & white & see no gray
b.  are more likely to support aggression against non conformers
c.  believe that the world is a dangerous place
d.  are cynical
e.  worry about sexual "goings on"
f.  are superstitious
g.  resist looking inward
 
  Authoritarian personality theory views prejudice as a personality trait in certain individuals   
  Adorno found that authoritarians are more likely to be racist
 
  Adorno's research found that the authoritarian personally type scored a good deal higher on anti Semitic & anti black prejudice than did other people  
Link
 Examples of authoritarianism & discrimination  
  2. Projection & scapegoats: We project our fears, weaknesses onto others & then scapegoat them for those projected qualities  
 
 A scapegoat is a person or group against whom an individual displaces feelings of anger or frustration  that cannot be expressed toward the true source of the individual's feelings
 
  Scapegoats are people or groups who serve as effective targets of people's anger, but who are not the true source of that anger  
  A scapegoat is a person or category of people, typically w/ little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles  
  Scapegoat theory holds that prejudice results from frustrations among  people who are themselves disadvantaged  
 
 Projection is the process by which a person denies or minimizes personal shortcomings by exaggerating the extent to which these same shortcomings occur in others
 
  Projection is the process of exaggerating the faults of others, so that your own faults can be denied or minimized  
  The personalities of people who are prejudiced are such that they exaggerate the faults of others so they can deny or minimize their own faults  
  We project our weaknesses onto others, treating them as scapegoats  
Link
 Examples of projection, scapegoating, & discrimination  
  The Ku Klux Klan & similar groups have often drawn the bulk of their support from working class whites, who feel economically threatened by blacks, other minority groups, immigrants, etc.  
  3. Social learning, also known as socialization, is the process by which attitudes, beliefs & behaviors are learned from significant others  
  People are prejudiced because they grow up in prejudiced environments or subcultures where they learn prejudice from their significant others  
Link
 Examples of social learning & discrimination
 
  Discrimination resulting from authoritarianism, scapegoating & social learning are the result of normal personality needs that become exaggerated / extreme; i.e. fetishized
 
  Very often, when people whose prejudices are based on social learning move to environments where their significant others are relatively unprejudiced, their prejudice falls  
  A personality need is the psychological need for a particular attitude, belief, or behavior, that arises from the particular personality type of an individual
 
  Thus from the social psychological theories of racism, the question arises, can therapy cure discrimination which arises from personality needs?
 
  Social learning theory holds that attitudes & beliefs can be changed by changing behaviors; i.e. if people interact on an equal basis, they will view each other as equals  
  B. There are TWO social structural theories which explain social differentiation
 
  To explain why entire countries have patterns of race relations that change over time, or why one country has racial harmony while another has racial conflict requires a social structural theory  
  1. Functionalists believe that  ethnocentrism functions to builds solidarity & cohesiveness & helps us understand & organize society, but often becomes exaggerated & universal  
  The culture theory variation of functionalism argues that prejudice is embedded in culture  
Link
 Examples of ethnocentrism  
  2.  There are THREE conflict theories which explain social differentiation  
  The conflict theory of prejudice proposes that powerful people use prejudice to justify oppressing others  
  a. Internal colonialism theory holds that part of capitalism's history is colonialism  
  Colonized groups are scapegoated as 2nd class citizens & this build solidarity & allows justification of conquerors  
  Colonized groups are viewed as second class citizens whose souls are to be saved or as the soulless to be destroyed  
Link
 Examples of internal colonialism & discrimination  
  The inter ethnic conflict in Northern Ireland is based, on the surface on theological differences, but may be effectively understood in terms of internal colonialism  
  b. Split labor market theory holds that racism is fomented to split up the labor force: keep labor fighting amongst selves rather than against the ruling class  
  Split labor market theory focuses in part upon economic conflicts w/in the majority group, pointing out that such conflicts may have an important effect on majority minority relations  
  There are THREE interest groups according to split labor market theory which include
- employers (owners of capital)
- higher paid labor
- lower paid labor		  
  According to split labor market theory, the majority group members, who hold the higher paying jobs, attempt to protect their position by demanding hiring discrimination against minorities  
Link
 Examples of split labor markets & discrimination  
  c. Marxist theory holds that SLMT is correct but incomplete & so adds that racism benefits the rich & the elites of society  
Link
 Examples of Marxist explanations of discrimination  

 
Top  
Examples of Authoritarianism & Discrimination

KKK
Nazis
Any right wing extremist groups


 
Top  
Examples of Projection, Scapegoating, & Discrimination

Goat was driven into the wilderness as a gift:  to purge the sins of the tribe
       then to sacrificing it, burning it, etc.
Goat:  symbol for the devil or evil
Then drove off people, sacrificed them, burned them

Jews have been scapegoated for millennia
Any foreign people in a nation are often scapegoated
Chinese were scapegoated in California during a depression in the late 1800s


 
Top  
Examples of Social Learning & Discrimination

SMIPNN     - selective exposure     - modeling     - identification     - positive reward     - nurturance     - negative punishment
Nazi, KKK. etc. use powerful ceremonies, reverent educational settings, etc. to teach hatred & superiority

Dad rewarding son for making racist comments
Dad punishing son for having friend from another race


 
Top  
Examples of Ethnocentrism

Our team is number 1!
Racist:  Anyone who is different that me is bad:  Our race is # 1
Very Exaggerated belief:   Giving the characteristics of one to all
I saw this person steal:  They all steal


 
Top  
Examples of Internal Colonialism & Discrimination

In almost every country, foreigners, different ethnic groups are live & interact in their own enclaves
Black Ghetto
China town
Little Korea
Most cultures cannot accept people that maintain their own culture & resist assimilation
This is one reason that Jews have been scapegoated for millennia, 
     they always resisted assimilation, whereas many other cultures accepted it


 
Top  
Examples of Split Labor Markets & Discrimination

KKK & similar groups drawn almost exclusively  from poor, unemployed whites
Freedom trains:  after the Civil War, notices put up in Southern towns:  factory jobs in the North
Ethnic groups used to break up labor movement
Mollie McGuires were Irish:  hated other ethnic groups, esp Scots
Chicago Packing Plants in 1900:  various E European group
Today:  Mexican workers in Packing Plants


 
Top  
Examples of Marxist Explanations of Discrimination

Blacks built the South
Indians lost their lands
Chinese built the West, etc. 

Racism is tied to nationalism: 
    wars are usually conflicts 
    amongst the rich 
    fought by the poor 
    w/ racial superiority as one major justification


 
 External
Links

Top
  Outline on    Police Corruption 
& Other Acts of Racial Violence
External
Links
  POLICE, THE KKK, & CITIZENS WERE COMPLICIT IN LYNCHINGS DURING THE JIM CROW ERA, CIRCA 1870 TO 1940   
  Lynching attacks on US blacks, esp in the South, increased dramatically in the aftermath of the Civil War, after slavery had been abolished   
  While formally illegal, lynching was a form of vigilantism that was allowed / expected by the people of many regions in the US   
  Violence rose even more at the end of the 19th C, after southern white Democrats regained their political power in the South in the 1870s   
  During the period of 1868 to 1871 it is estimated that the KKK was involved in more than 400 lynchings   
  Between 1882 and 1968, the Tuskegee Institute recorded 1,297 lynchings of whites and 3,446 lynchings of blacks   
  DURING THE CIVIL RTS ERA, CIRCA 1940 TO 1980, VIOLENCE AGAINST BLACKS & OTHER OPPRESSED GRPS BEGAN TO BE REVEALED AS CRIMES  
  The discussion below covers the deaths that were widely publicized as being the result of the Civ Rts Struggle & does not include many acts of violence that occurred during marches, protests, & so on   
  In 1955 teenager Emmett Till is killed for whistling at a white woman in Money, MS   
  In 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus, starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott   
  In 1958 the Bethel Baptist Church in Birmingham, AL is bombed by KKK members, killing 4 girls   
  In 1961 voter registration activist & NAACP member Herbert Lee is shot & killed by a white state legislator in McComb, MS   
  In 1963 CORE activist William L. Moore is killed in Gadsden, AL   
  NAACP worker Medgar Evers is murdered in Jackson, MS, but His killer is not convicted until 1994   
  The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, AL kills 4 young girls   
  In 1964  three civil rights workers disappear from Philadelphia, MS, later to be found murdered & buried in an earthen dam   
  In 1965 Malcolm X is assassinated in Manhattan, NY, probably by 3 members of the Nation of Islam   
  After the completion of the Selma to Montgomery March, a white volunteer Viola Liuzzo is shot & killed by KKK members in AL, one of whom was an FBI informant   
  Black deputy sheriff Oneal Moore is murdered in Varnado, LA   
  Following the accusations of mistreatment & police brutality by the Los Angeles Police Dept towards the city's black community, Watts riots erupt in South Central LA which lasted over 5 days, killing 34, injuring 1,032, w/ 3,438 arrested, &  cost over $40 mm in property damage   
  In 1966 NAACP local chapter president Vernon Dahmer is injured by a bomb in Hattiesburg, MS, dying the next day   
  In 1968, 2 Memphis, TN sanitation workers are killed in the line of duty, exacerbating labor tensions   
  Martin Luther King, Jr. is shot & killed in Memphis, TN   
 
 IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT OVERALL POLICE IN THE US ARE EXTREMELY JUST & LAW ABIDING, THERE IS A CASE OF ABUSE BY POLICE EVERY YEAR OR SO THAT GAINS NATL ATTN   
 
 When informed on the level of police corruption or excessive violence, most people believe that there are simply too many cases of police corruption to accept 
 
 
 Because of the respect society has for the police because of the sacrifices they make, it is difficult to face up to some bad officers 
 
 
 While there are cases of police brutality in nearly every major city, the vast majority of police follow the law, do their job, & are not racist 
 
 
 With regards to police corruption, a few bad cops are poisoning the well 
 
  CINCINNATI   
 
 In Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1999, a black was man killed by police for traffic violation 
 
  NYC:  DIALLO   
 
 The Diallo Case occurred in 1999 when in NYC, an unarmed innocent African immigrant, Amadou Diallo, was shot by police 
 
  The police had fired 41 bullets at the young, unarmed, innocent, African immigrant   
  When 19 hit their mark, Amadou Diallo dies   
 
 -  Supplement:  Time:  Cops, Brutality, & Race 
Link
  LA   
 
 The LA Corruption Case occurred from 1999 - 2000 when in LA the LAPD was discovered fixing cases against minority defendants 
 
  When an LAPD cop is caught, he blows the whistle on widespread corruption, testifying that the LAPD regularly fixed cases   
 
 -  Supplement:  CNN:  Attorneys:  The L.A. police scandal could affect more than 3,000 cases, freeing both innocent & guilty parties 
Link
 
 -  Supplement:  Time: The Motives Behind the LAPD's Mea Culpa 
Link
  NYC:  LOUIMA   
 
  In NYC in 1997, a Haitian immigrant, Louima, was sodomized by police & had to be hospitalized 
 
 
 In the Louima case, a NYC policeman was sentenced to 30 years for torture 
 
 
 -  Supplement:  CNN: NYC Police Corruption 
Link
  LA:  RODNEY KING   
 
 In 1994 in LA, a black man named Rodney King, was beaten unconscious by police before a video camera 
 
 
 The police were acquitted by a jury in a local court 
 
 
 The LA Riot resulted from the acquittal of the police for the beating of Rodney King 
 
 
 Several of the police were later found guilty by a Federal Court of the violation of Rodney King's civil rights 
 
  MIAMI   
 
 Miami Police racism has been well documented w/ national attention to abuses in 1980 & 1989 
 
  NJ   
 
 In the 1990s, after a lengthy investigation, the NJ HP was found to have given a lot more tickets to Blacks, though they did not speed any more than others 
 
 
 DWB is jargon which developed in the Black community & has spread to the general culture which recognizes the existence police prejudice 
 
  SINCE THE EMERGENCE OF THE BLACK LIVES MATTER MVMT, CIRCA 2010s, THE USE OF DEADLY FORCE BY POLICE & CITIZENS HAS BEEN THROWN DIRECTLY INTO THE PUBLIC EYE   
  Perhaps the earliest widely publicized case of the use of deadly force occurred when in 2012 Trayvon Martin, who was unarmed, was shot by neighborhood watch coordinator George Zimmerman; Zimmerman was NOT a police officer   
  Zimmerman was charged & acquitted of 2nd degree murder & manslaughter   
  Trayvon Martin's case received international press coverage   
  The discussion of cases below is a small, partial list of all the cases of deadly violence, the most publicized cases   
  In 2012 another case receiving international press coverage was that of Jordan Davis, who was shot by Michael Dunn over an argument over loud music; Davis was NOT a police officer   
  Dunn was found guilty of 1st degree murder & sentenced to life in prison w/o parole   
  In 2012, another case receiving international press coverage was that of Timothy Russell & Malissa Williams who were hit more than 20 times after a car chase; the pair were unarmed   
  One of the 13 officers was indicted for manslaughter & was acquitted; 6 officers were fired   
  After local legal proceedings ran their course, the FBI opened an investigation in July of 2015   
  In 2013, Johnathan Ferrel wa shot by officer Randal Kerrick when he approached a house seeking help after a car accident   
  Officer Kerrick was released after his charge of manslaughter resulted in a mistrial   
  In 2014, Eric Garner died from a chokehold by officer Daniel Pantaleo during his arrest for selling untaxed cigarettes on the street   
  Officer Pantaleo was not indicted by a Grand Jury; the FBI opened an investigation in 2015   
  The Garner family won a $5.9 million award from NYC   
  The Eric Garner case resulted in the 'I can't breath' saying   
  In 2014, John Crawford was shot by Officer Sean Williams b/c Crawford was holding a BB gun   
  Williams was not indicted but the DOJ is investigating   
  In 2014 Michael Brown, who was unarmed, was shot by officer Wilson in Ferguson, MO   
  No charges were ever filed against Wilson   
  The Michael Brown case resulted in the 'Hands up, don't shoot' saying   
 
 In 2014, Tamir Rice, a 12 yr old boy w/ a pellet gun, was shot by officer Timothy Loehmann   
 
 A Grand Jury did not indict officer Loehmann 
 
  In 2015, Walter Scott by shot by officer Michael Slager as Scott who was unarmed was running away after a traffic stop for a broken tail light   
  Slager was charged w/ murder & is out on bail awaiting trial in Oct of 2016   
  In 2015, Freddie Gray fell into a coma while being transported by police after they arrested him; Gray died later   
  Six officers have been charged w/ offenses ranging from murder to false imprisonment   
  The first case, against officer Porter, ended in a mistrial, which will weaken cases against other officers   
  In 2015, Sandra Bland was found dead in her jail cell after she was arrested for a traffic violation ; no indictments are pending but the FBI has opened an investigation   
  In 2015, Samule DuBose was shot by University of Cincinnati Police officer Ray Tensing when DuBose refused to get out of his car  
  Officer Tensing has been charged w/ murder   
  In 2015, while not a case of police deadly force, the shooting of the Emauel Nine by Dylan Roof at the Emauel African Methodist Episcopal Church has impacted the actions of the Black Lives Matter Movement   

 
Internal
Links

Top
 Outline on the  Black Lives Matter Movement
External
Links
 
 -  Supplement:  Where Black Lives Matter Goes from Here.  Time.  2015 
Link
  -  Supplement:  The Black Lives Matter Webpage       http://blacklivesmatter.com 
Link
  WHILE THE BLACK LIVES MATTER MOVEMENT (BLMM) PRIMARILY RALLIES AGAINST VIOLENCE BY POLICE AGAINST BLACKS, IT CAN BE SEEN AS THE CONTEMPORARY EXPRESSION OF  THE CIVIL RTS MVMT
 
  The Black Lives Matter Movement (BLMM) feels, to its young supporters, like an independent movement focused on police violence, yet for older Americans who lived the Civ Rts Mvmt (CRM), it is a youthful, vibrant extension of the the struggles they have won  
  For youth, the BLMM is a movement that emphasizes the fact that they will no longer tolerate race based violence   
  For the experienced, the BLMM is a movement standing on the shoulders of the Triple Sixes, the NAACP, MLK & Malcom X, the Civ Rts Mvmt, & so much more   
  In 2013, the BLMM began w/ the use of the hash tag #BlackLivesMatter on social media, after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African American teen Trayvon Martin in FL   
  Black Lives Matter became nationally recognized for its street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: Michael Brown, resulting in protests & unrest in Ferguson, MO & Eric Garner in New York City   
  The overall BLMM is a decentralized network & has no formal hierarchy or structure   
  The BLMM is concerned w/ police shootings of any nature, urging that all use of deadly force by police be more thoroughly reviewed by instit outside of police review systems   
  From its beginning in 2013 to 2015 the BLMM protested or held other actions related to police shootings as well as other issue such as violence against women & violence against transgender people 
 
  In the summer of 2015, the BLMM began to publicly challenge politicians, including 2016 US presidential candidates, to state their positions on BLM issues 
 
  In August 2015, the Democratic National Committee passed a resolution supporting the BLMM
 
  Republican candidates have been mostly critical of the BLMM as seen in Ben Carson, the only African American vying for the presidency in 2016, calling the movement 'silly' 
 
  CRITICS OF THE BLMM HAVE RESPONDED W/ THE 'ALL LIVES MATTER' MVMT, STATING THAT THE FOCUS ON BLACKS IS UNFAIR & THAT THE BLMM MAKES IT DIFFICULT FOR POLICE TO DO THEIR JOB   
  Some have responded the the BLMM by noting that 'all lives matter'   
  The response to the all lives matter criticism has perhaps been most succinctly addressed On Real Time w/ Bill Maher, when Maher expressed support of the 'black lives matter' phrase, arguing that 'all lives matter' "implies that all lives are equally at risk, & they're not"   
  The BLMM challenges the implication of the notion of a post racial America, & the phrase 'all lives matter' reflects a view of racial dismissal, ignoring, & denial   
  The hash tag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives  
  Some individuals in law enforcement have been critical of the BLMM w/ the belief that there is no police brutality problem in America & that there is no racism in the hearts of police officers   
  Some commentators & law enforcement have claimed that the BLMM has made it hard for police to do their job, leading to a rise in crime rates   
  The Ferguson effect is the idea that the BLMM makes it difficult for police to do their job which is partly leading to a national rise in crime rates b/c police officers have pulled back from doing their jobs   
  Others have called to question the validity of the Ferguson effect, noting that there were even larger crime spikes prior to the events in Ferguson, & that police shirking is not the fault of the BLMM  
  President Barack Obama spoke to the debate btwn Black Lives Matter & All Lives Matter, saying 'I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not b/c they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities'   
  Obama went on to say 'that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address'   
  THE TACTICS OF THE BLMM HAVE TAKEN TRADL SOC MVMTS TACTICS & ADDED NEW ONES TO THEM   
  Some of the tactics of BLMM are relatively the same as many social mvmts in that they try to bring attn to the issues of concern for them by:  marching, petitions, publicity for spokespersons, publicity for the issue that concerns them, & more   
  The BLMM embraces a diversity of tactics, both from old soc mvmts, ie the Civ Rts Mvmt, the Black Power Mvmt, the Black Panthers Mvmt, & others   
  In some respects, the BLMM began w/ the Trevon Martin case by using a kickstarter website to raise both money & public interest   
  The BLMM uses social media, including hash tag activism, to reach thousands of people rapidly   
  The BLMM engages in direct action tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue   
  For example, the BLMM has  protested w/ loud chants at the political rallies from Trump to Sanders   
  The Trump campaign had BLMM protesters thrown out while Bernie stepped down off the stage, into the BLM protest, & had a discussion   
  Thus, the BLMM builds power through protest by energizing activists & raising public awareness   
  The BLMM has also staged die ins  
  Political slogans used during demonstrations include:
Black Lives Matter 
Hands up, don't shoot   (attributed to Michael Brown) 
I can't breathe   (attributed to Eric Garner) 
White silence is violence 
No justice, no peace 
Is my son next? 		  
  Many BLMM activist distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, Jesse Jackson, Jim Clyburn, John Lewis & others by their aversion to middle class traditions such as church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, respectability politics, legal challenges, & more  
  THE BLMM HAS FOSTERED CONCRETE CHANGES IN US ATTITUDES & IN POLICING  
  The BLMM has changed the conversation on civ rts from one about ending discrimination & barriers to racial justice to unjust use of force by police & treatment of people throughout the criminal justice system   
  The BLMM has resulted in real changes in policing in several major cities to one where the use of force is considered a last resort & suspects are 1st judged on mental stability & threat level before action is taken   
  BLMM has caused traditional criminal statistics to be supplemented by statistics on police use of deadly force so that in the future the use, type, & levels of police force can be tracked, judged, & reformed as necessary   
  The BLMM has had important impacts, including:   
  -  bringing the issue of policing & race to a national level discussion   
  -  bringing the issue of policing & race to the level of presidential campaign issue   
  -  prompting media outlets such as the Guardian to track all police shootings   
  -  creating policies to increase police training on the use of deadly force in several major cities   
  -  increasing the call for justice system & sentencing reform   

 
Internal
Links

Top
  Outline on   Defeating Racism
External
Links
  -  Project:  Ending Racism & Sexism 
Link
  -  Project:  Media Responsibility & Racist Organizations 
Link
  -  Supplement:  The Use of the Term Racism 
Link
  -  Supplement:  The AmRen Advertisment & an Editorial Response 
Link
  Immigration has generated striking cultural diversity, perhaps more than any other nation in history   
  Many arrivals encounter much the same prejudice & discrimination experienced by those who came before them   
 
 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade the deliberate discrimination against any group in hiring & wages 
 
 
 A multi-faceted problem requires a multi-faceted solution 
 
  INTERGROUP RELATIONS   
  Conflict theories about intergroup relations agree that
a.  exploitation of minority groups is still widespread today 
b.  institutional racism is stable or even increasing
c.  power is remains unequally distributed among ethnic & racial groups in the US
d.  a classless society is nowhere in sight 		  
  FIVE SOLUTIONS   
  There are FIVE fundamental solutions for ending racism: 
a. social movements must cooperate 
b. multi-cultural education 
c. zero tolerance for racism in govt 
d.  zero tolerance for racism in the private sector 
e.  economic opportunity 		  
  a.  SOCIAL MOVEMENTS / GROUPS   
  Social mvmts / groups supporting civil rights, the ending of racism, the fostering of tolerance, etc. must organize, cooperate & work together:   NAACP, SNCC, etc.   
  b.  MULTI CULTURAL EDUCATION   
  Multi cultural education must be developed because education has been white-washed & male oriented because people need more of a world view   
  c.  ZERO TOLERANCE IN GOVT, ESPECIALLY THE POLICE   
  c.  In order to end/reduce racism today, there should be zero tolerance for racism in govt, especially the police   
  -  Supplement:  Police Corruption   
  d.  In order to end/reduce racism today, there should be zero tolerance for racism in private organizations   
  In order to end or reduce racism today, society must address the legal issues for the reform of Law & institutions   
  e.  In order to end/reduce racism today, economic opportunity should be available to all, regardless of race   
  Cognitive dissonance theory states that if behavior changes, attitudes will often change to become consistent w/ the new behavior   
  Economic opportunity can be accomplished through changes in the 2 arenas of education & full employment   
     1.  Education is a well understood but under-developed path to equality that has 3 aspects   
       a. Headstart for all young children   
       b. Equal education for all, which can bed done by:   
           i. -  eliminating school funding based on property tax   
              Most education is state funded & relies on the property tax   
          ii.  -  funding schools equally based on state or federal income tax   
     c.  Adult worker retraining   
   2.  A policy of full employment would fundamentally change our class structure which would therefore change racial economic segregation   
  The US has a law requiring the govt to promote full employment   
  The Humphrey's Hawkins Law requires the govt to pursue a policy promoting full employment, but the law is not followed   
  Affirmative action includes the special efforts of employers to increase the number of any "special category" of employees such as minorities, females, the handicapped, veterans, etc.   
  A majority of whites feel the system is fair & has reached equality while others disagree & believe there is still a need for affirmative action   
 
 Affirmative Actions programs have been reduced in recent years   
 
 3. A solution for racism is a policy of healing which would included programs to address equity, justice, retribution, & forgiveness 
 
  South African has developed a commission on reparations which addresses all the issues of equity, justice, retribution, & forgiveness & is a world class model for healing the wounds of apartheid & racism   
  Some social theorists have proposed that reparations be paid for slavery as has been done for the Holocaust & other societally imposed oppressions   
  Books such as Jefferson's Pillow, which discusses the patriotism of those whose ancestors were oppressed, discusses slavery from the Black point of view, & is, overall, a healing discussion   
Link
 Race relations for the next generation: what will it be like for your children?   

 
Top  
2000 & beyond? 

For Race Relations 
- econ gap will slowly equalize 
- strong mid class will develop 
- UC will develop & move into positions of econ & political power 
- Lessening of violence against minorities 

All of this assumes that "progress" continues 
There have been periods of regression 


 
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 Outline on  Affirmative Action
External
Links
  Executive Order 11375, signed by President Johnson, established Affirmative Action in 1967
 
  The various executive orders calling for affirmative action are an attempt to compensate for past discrimination through hiring quotas, preferential consideration, or active recruitment of women or minority workers  
  The aim of Affirmative Action is to prevent institutional discrimination:  It is believed that non-white & females are sufficiently qualified but are less qualified than typical white males who have access to the best preparatory schools
 
  EO 11375 mandated the Federal Office of Contract Compliance to issue govt purchasing contracts only to orgs that are making efforts to remedy the effects of past discrimination
 
  EO 11375 affected much more than govt orgs because many orgs sell at least some of their products to the fed govt, & therefore they had to comply w/ Affirmative Action rules or loose all govt contracts
 
  Defense contractors, utilities, computer & electronic manufacturers, & many other businesses have been forced to develop affirmative action plans
 
  Affirmative Action plans give preference to minorities or women if the purpose of the plan is to erase "a manifest imbalance in traditionally segregated job categories"
 
  Affirmative Action plans can be instituted voluntarily by an employer or jointly by an employer & a union
 
  Affirmative Action plans can be brought about as as result of a discrimination lawsuit
 
  The majority of Affirmative Action plans are adopted by large firms w/ a white collar labor force
 
  Such plans have the potential to redistribute some desirable jobs to previously excluded female & minority workers
 
  Many plans are extremely modest & call for only minimal adjustments as necessitated by law
 
  Most small firms lack Affirmative Action plans & thus minorities & women continue to face significant limits in these sectors
 
  A study of the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 in Britain found that its main effect was to eliminate overt discrimination in recruiting, especially in job advertisements
 
  The study also found that there was little change in the allocation of training & promotions
 
  Over half the orgs surveyed in the study had acted to minimize their compliance
 
  Thus in Britain, Affirmative Action did not eliminate discrimination, & minorities & females are not equally represented at any level in the workforce; furthermore, they are over represented at the lower levels, & under-represented at the middle levels, & extremely under-represented at the upper levels of employment
 
  Never the less, Affirmative Action has had positive consequences for some female & minority workers & has helped break down sexual & racial hiring barriers
 
  Affirmative Action legislation has encouraged the creation of decentralized state, county, municipal & org Affirmative Action plans  
  Many firms have focused on placing minorities & women in highly visible positions to implement affirmative action  
  The wages of Black college grads have risen faster than those of White college grads, but are still behind  
  The wages of Black high school grads have fallen even further behind White high school grads  
  Thus, Affirmative Action has helped created a Black middle class, but has done little to help the large Black underclass, & has barely broken "the glass ceiling" of upper level jobs  
  Inequality in wages by race has been exasperated by the concentration of Blacks & Hispanics in regions & urban areas w/ high unemployment  

 
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 Outline on the  Affirmative Action Backlash
External
Links
  As a matter of fact, social movements usually generate an opposition social movement 
 
  At the beginning of a social movement, the status quo forces attempt to stem the institutionalization of the new social relationships  
  If the new social movement can prevail, it becomes an accepted feature of society, & the status quo opposition must contend w/ defeat  
  As the social movement becomes institutionalized & accepted in society, it may either become complacent & weak, it may over reach its original goals & therefore lose supporters, it may be so successful that it is no longer needed, or it may be so successful that it re energizes its opposition  
  Because of the social tendency to create counter movements, it was inevitable that at some point a white backlash would occur against Affirmative Action & Civil Rights
 
  Supporters of affirmative action claim that it is so successful that it re energized its opposition while opponents of affirmative action claim that it has overstepped its bounds & it is no longer needed, thus re energizing its opposition
 
  Affirmative action has sparked resistance from Whites & men who believe they are being deprived of opportunities because of increased opportunities for minorities & women  
  30 years of affirmative action has not eradicated the inequalities resulting from 300 yr.. of legal restrictions on Blacks in America & thousands of years of gender based inequality  
  The increasing economic stress in the developed world has made all people less sympathetic to the problems of minorities & women  
  It is well known that all forms of discrimination increase during economic, political, etc. hard times  
  See Also:  The Causes of Discrimination  
  A backlash against civil rights has come in the form of an attack on affirmative action, Title IX, & support for school vouchers  
  In the 1980s, the Berkeley Medical School is sued over Affirmative Action on the premise that it is admitting under qualified minorities in lieu of more qualified Whites  
  A White male lost the Berkeley Medical School case, but his cause energized affirmative action opponents  
  In the 1990s, affirmative action opposition coalesced & Clinton attempted to balance the opposition & the supporters w/ the policy of  "Mend it, don't end it"  
  While some maintain that affirmative action was essentially ended under Clinton, other believe it was kept alive; regardless, affirmative action is much less practiced today  
  In 2002, the Supreme Court rules that the University of Michigan may not use affirmative action admittance procedures but can seek to maintain a diverse student body, in essence offering a split decision  
  Affirmative action supporters makes FOUR points
 
  a.  The "playing field" is not level
New cases of race discrimination in workplace are reported everyday
Minorities face discrimination in education which translates into discrimination at work
 
  b.  Affirmative action is fair because hiring is an inexact science & it's difficult to choose the "most qualified" person
 
  Affirmative action supporters make the point that hiring is an inexact science & it's difficult to choose the "most qualified" person & it is in these cases where quotas can be used  
  c.  Affirmative action does work as evidenced by the fact that we are gaining a non-white middle class & that women's wages are increasing as a percentage of men's wages
 
  d.  Affirmative action is possibly the weakest form of restitution
In the US, because whites have benefited from centuries of racism & men have benefited from centuries patriarchy, there is a debt owed
 
  Affirmative action is applied only to orgs doing govt contracts & thus has little effect on smaller firms
 
  Under affirmative action rules, orgs w/ govt contracts must develop plans to rectify "manifest imbalances" in race or gender inequities in the workplace
 
  Affirmative action can be voluntary or court ordered & quotas were possible but infrequent, & they are not legal today
 
  Overall the effect of affirmative action has been minimal because orgs minimized their compliance
 
  Affirmative action & other factors have created a Black middle class, but affirmative action has not had a great effect overall  
  Affirmative Action Opposition made THREE points
 
  a.  For the opponents of affirmative action because the playing field is now level, affirmative action is no longer needed
 
  b.  For the opponents of affirmative action, affirmative action is unfair to Blacks & Whites because it allows the hiring of under qualified people & does not allow the hiring of most qualified person
 
  c.  For the opponents of affirmative action, affirmative action does not work because it does not serve to help minorities
 
  The opposition to affirmative action can be seen in the beliefs of some sub cultures of the White population that every employed Black they encounter owes his or her job to federal pressure rather than to personal qualification & efforts (Jencks, 1985)
 
  The fate of civil rights in general & affirmative action in particular depends to a significant extent on the political climate in the next decade  
  June, 2009:  The Sup Ct rules to keep the Voting Rights Act as is, wherein local voting districts in the South remain under close Fed supervision   
  However, the Sup Ct ruling of 2009 makes it clear that the court is anticipating that at some time, Fed supervision of voting districts needs to be w/drawn by Congress at some time in the future   

 
 Internal
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Outline of a   Socio Historical Overview of Race
External
Links
  Summary:  Racism does not develop until significantly after "civilization" begins and racism, in it's modern form, does not develop until the early Middle Ages; thus humans have spent 99+  % of existence in non racist, societies & less than 1,000 yrs. of history w/ racism  
  1.  Geologic era 5 bb BP - 
5 mm BP		 Earth formation 
- early primates		 Race & 
Socio-Biology		  
  2.  Pre human evolution 5 mm BP - 
1.5 mm BP		 Old Stone Age
Early primates		 Races emerge  
 
 3.  Race relations in H-G society 1.5 mm BP - 
10k BC		 Mid Stone Age
Early humans		 Racial equality:  99 % of human existence has
occurred in hunter gatherer society
Racism has existed for less than 1 % of human existence		  
 
 4.  Race relations in Pre empire era 10K BC - 
3k BC		 New Stone Age
Civilization dawns
1st ag & villages		 Slavery begins, based on punishment or conquest but not based on race  ( Patriarchy & sexism begins )  
 
 5.  Race relations in Early Empires Era 3K BC - 
200 BC		 Bronze Age
Egypt, Greece, 
China, etc.		 Slavery is common, but based on punishment or conquest, not race  
 
 6.  Race relations in Roman Era 200 BC - 
500 AD		 Rome rules W
China, India  E		 Slavery is common, but based on punishment/conquest, not race  
 
 7.  Race relations in the Middle Ages 500 AD - 
1300 		 Fall of Rome to the Enlightenment The Modern form of ideological Racism began & is justified by religion.  During the Middle Ages Christian ideology justifies racism, & both are used to justify imperialism  
  Racism, as we know it today, began during the Middle Ages
Slavery & Racism before the Middle Ages may be thought of as Conquest Slavery, whereas after the Middle Ages it may be thought of at Ideological Slavery
Thus, racism has existed for less than 1 % of human existence		  
 
 8.  Race in the Early industrial age 1300 - 
1700		 Renaissance
Reformation
Enlightenment		 Modern international slave system begins.  As society nears the industrial revolution, much of racism became based on Social Darwinism as well as Christianity  
 
 9.  Race in the Industrial age 1700 - 
present		 Am & Fr Rev's Slavery & racism begin to decline and Tubman, Douglas are important leaders   
 
 10. Race under Era of  Global Capitalism 1910 - 
present		 WW1
WW2		 1950s & 60s Civil Rights Movement began & had it's greatest success
MLK, Malcom X, Jackson, et al		  
 
 11. Race in Post Industrial Society 1970 -
present		 Service econ
Info econ		 - a non-white middle class forms
- the use of affirmative action declines		  

 
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Outline on   Race in Hunter - Gatherer Society   circa   1.5 mm BP  -  10 K BC
External
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  Race relations in hunter gatherer (HG) society had no ideology (world view or understanding) of racial differentiation  
  People were not racist in that they were just as likely to fear or welcome people of any color, religion, etc.  
  HG tribes were so differentiated & isolated that all were encountered w/ caution & in light of their own ideology:  warrior, pastoral, harvester, etc.  
  Tribes could wander for decades btwn encounters w/ other peoples  
  In the HG era, conflicts were not based on race because there were very few conflicts, because there was no surplus to be gained, population was low & the technology of hand to hand combat prevented any overwhelming advantages  
  During the HG era, social differences ( including race) btwn tribes were often welcomed  
  Because of inbreeding, isolation, etc., tribes often welcomed encounters w/ other tribes   
  Isolation & inbreeding was recognized as a problem  by HG people and therefore, people often welcomed, celebrated w/, & intermarried w/ other tribes & races  
  During the HG Era, & later, people would arrange marriages & other trades in order to "bring in fresh blood," which today we recognize as diversifying the gene pool  
  Because humanity has spent 99 % of its existence in HG society & because race was not an issue in HG society, for over 99 % of human existence, race relations were harmonious, thus, racial conflict IS NOT "natural"  
  There was no slavery during the HG era  
  As population, "turf" pressure, & agricultural development increased, hostility btwn tribes increased  
  But discrimination & conflict was not based on race, but opportunity & conquest as seen in the adage:  "An enemy of my enemy is my friend," & this was true regardless of race  
  Land, power, etc., were more important than race & this relationship did not change from a conquest orientation to an  ideological orientation until the Middle Ages  

 
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Outline on    Race Relations in the Pre Empire Era   circa 10 K BC - 3 K BC
External
Links
  -  Project:  The Difference in Race Relations Today & in the Pre Empire Era
Link
  Slavery begins along w/ "history" or "civilization" & agriculture  
  History, civilization, slavery, etc. begins w/ early, barely known civilizations that preceded the Egyptians, Sumerians & other early civilizations  
  In the pre empire era, tribal societies are just forming into sedentary societies & it takes another 6 K yrs before Egyptians, etc. buy into it all  
  Advances in human society & technology allowed "surpluses" to be created  
  One person could produce more than they needed to consume  
  Therefore, one person could hire or enslave another to work for them & profit from it  
  Thus slavery is an economic relationship  
  But, like in the hunter gatherer era, slavery was not based on race  
  In the pre empire era, slavery was based on conquest  
  The outcomes of conquest might include anything such as ...
-  mass murder
-  genocide
-  partial to full enslavement
-  paying tribute
-  enslaving low as well as high level workers
-  pillaging
-  simply conquering & moving on		  
  In any system of exploitation, there is always an ideology ( world view or set of ideas ) that supports it  
  It is through the ideological system that the economic exploitation or relationship is disguised, often as one of race, religion or nationalism  
  It is the ideology of conquest that supports slavery in the pre empire era, not racism per se ( i.e. genetic or developmental inferiority ) that is the justification of slavery  
  An ideology of modern, genetic based racism does not occur until the Middle Ages  
  The ideology of the Pre Empire Era was that the victors have the right to rule the vanquished, but there are still strong individuals w/in a defeated society  
  The ideology of the Pre Empire Era was, "I conquered, I may exploit you." accompanied w/ a respect for the enemy  
  The next period, the Early Empire Era, witnesses the continuation of slavery based on conquest, not race  

 
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Outline on   Race Relations in the Middle Ages   circa   500 AD  -  1300 AD
External
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 CONQUEST BASED SLAVERY TRANSFORMS TO SLAVERY BASED ON IDEOLOGY RESULTING IN MORE SLAVERY & MORE OPPRESSIVE SLAVERY
 
 
 Introduction:  Race relations in the Middle Ages transformed from the relatively "tolerant" ideology & relations prevalent since the HG Era into modern forms of racist ideology & global slave trade
 
 
 The previous era, the Era of the Roman Empire ( 200 BC to 500 AD ) was characterized by relatively tolerant race relations  
  Previous to the mid ages, slavery was based on who was conquered, regardless of race & thus slavery was decoupled from race resulting in the many early racially tolerant societies   
  Conquest based slavery was less widespread than the slavery which develops in the mid ages because it was limited to times of war/conquest, which admittedly were common, but not as common as the global slave trade which developed in the mid ages   
  Conquest based slavery was less oppressive that the ideological slavery of the mid ages & the modern eras because many conquered people were still able to buy or work their way out of slavery &   
  Under conquest based slavery, the enslaved was not considered inferior; in fact it was recognized that some slaves had very important skills as when a teacher or craftsperson was conquered & enslaved   
  IDEOLOGICALLY BASED GLOBAL SLAVE TRADE DEHUMANIZES & EXPLOITS SLAVES TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN CONQUEST BASED SLAVERY BECAUSE EMPIRES NEED TO JUSTIFY GREATER CONQUEST & GENOCIDE  
  As the Age of Exploration begins & thus global capitalism begins, international trade begins, the modern form of slave trade begins  
  The origins of modern versions of racism & global slave trade begin w/ Age of Exploration in the Middle Ages  
  During the Middle Ages, people / slaves become a commodity  
  The emerging European Powers utilized an ideological justification of slavery / discrimination, especially religious, racist, & conquest / imperialist ideologies  
  The ideological justification of racism/slavery begins circa 1000 AD  
  Circa 1000 AD ideological racism emerges along w/ slave trade using both Biblical & imperialistic justification of colonization & the slave trade begins as a global social institution  
  Thus, modern relations of tension / conflict among the races has existed for less than 1000 years  
  Religion & racism interact w/ the result being the ideology that "primitives" may be converted & have their souls saved  
  There is little mention of race in the Bible, yet religions' interaction w/ other social structures has often resulted in the call to evangelize/convert a particular group of people  
  Papal determinations were made & if a people were found to have a soul, the Church would sanction conversion  
  During the middle ages, if a people were found to not have a soul, the Church would sanction enslavement or genocide  
  The next era, the Early Industrial Age ( 500 to 1300 ), has little change in the nature of race relations, but there is huge & tragic growth in the global slave trade  

 
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 Outline on  Race in the Early Industrial Age circa 1300  - 1700
External
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  Beginning in the 1500s, the genocide of Native Americans occurs which has many similarities to the genocide of peoples throughout Age of Exploration
 
  Throughout the Age of Exploration, the international slave trade continues, and grows to become a large scale phenomenon
 
  In 1607, the first slaves were brought to the U.S.  
  In 1688, the earliest protest formally voiced in colonial America was the Germantown Mennonite Resolution Against Slavery
 
  In 1776, the final version as accepted by Congress of the Declaration of Independence:  omitted this paragraph written by Jefferson:  "He has waged cruel war against human nature, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither..."
 
  In 1787, the US Constitution provides for the extension of slavery for a 20 year period & contains the "three fifths compromise"
 
  In 1791, the Bill of Rights was intended to protect particular rights of all people
 
  In 1799, Washington's Last Will & Testament frees his slaves & reflects concern for the financial welfare & education of former slaves
 
  Europe eliminates slavery, but the young US continues to enact compromises that allow it to continue into the 1800s eventually erupting in the Civil War & the end of slavery  
  The next period, the Industrial Age, witnesses the advent of Social Darwinism, & the beginning of the decline of the modern slave systems  

 
Internal
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  Outline on  Race in the Industrial Age  circa  1700  -  present
External
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  In the 1800s, Social Darwinism replaces religious / exploration conquest ideology as the major ideology supporting slavery, racism, exploitation, etc.  
  Social Darwinism offers false scientific justification for discrimination, genocide, & colonization   
  In 1863, President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation declared the slaves "forever free"  
  In 1869, the 15th Amendment was passed and ratified in 1870, giving Black Men the right to vote  (Women get the vote in 1920)  
  In the 1860s, President Johnson institutes Jim Crow laws creating American Apartheid against the vision of the late President Lincoln  
  The KKK forms & institutes a war of terror against Blacks, & later, other groups, through lynchings, assault & other tactics of intimidation  
  Employers utilize split labor market tactics to pit workers of one race against workers of another race  
  Split labor market tactics are used to keep wages low, prevent workers from seeing their common experience of exploitation, & thus prevent unionization  
  Frederick Douglass ( 1817 - 1895 ) was an eloquent abolitionist who lived as a slave until he escaped to freedom at age 21, where upon he was appointed to the position of US Marshal for Washington DC, & he was also a newspaper editor, public speaker, & diplomat  
  Harriet Tubman was a black abolitionist who was a leader in the Underground Railroad  
  Sojourner Truth  
  WEB Du Bois ( 1868 - 1963 ) was a Professor who educated the US on race & analyzed the migration of Blacks to North & developed an early understanding of the split labor market theory  
  Du Bois taught history, sociology, & political science & was one of the founders of the NAACP & editor of its "Crisis Magazine"  
  In 1871 in Los Angeles,  mobs attacked Chinese over the issue of jobs  
  A brief history of early, significant Civil Rights Events:   
  In 1807, the Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves passes Congress  
  In 1819-21, the Missouri Compromise is struck  
  In 1827 the Inaugural Edition of Freedom's Journal, the first African American Newspaper in the US, is published
Freedom's Journal is owned & edited by Samuel Cornish & John B Russwurm		  
  In 1831 The Liberator, the most Famous Abolitionist Newspaper in the US, was founded by Lloyd Garrison who was white  
  In 1847  The Abolitionist operates under the direction of Frederick Douglas  
  1850  The Compromise of 1850  contained the Fugitive Slave Act  
  In 1852  Frederick Douglass gives his famous Independence Day Address entitled "What to the Slaves is the Fourth of July?"  
  In 1854 the Kansas Nebraska Act is passed  
  In 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation is given  
  In 1865 the Freedmen's Bureau provided basic health & educational services for freed men  
  In 1865 the 13th Amendment abolishes slavery  
  In 1866 the Civil Rights Act is designed to protect freed men from the Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws & other repressive legislation  
  In 1868 the 14th Amendment defined US Citizenship for ex slaves  
  In 1870 the 15th Amendment established the right to vote for ex slaves  
  In 1875 the Civil Rights Act prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodation  
  In 1895 Booker T Washington gives his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech  
  The next period, the Global Capitalism Era, witnesses the dismantling of American Apartheid, & the beginning to the end of discrimination  

 
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Outline on  Race in the Age of Global Capitalism  circa 1910 - present
External
Links
  -  Supplement:  Senate Committee Approves Sweeping Immigration Bill, Kingsport Times, News, March 28, 2006, p 3A
Link
  Summary:  The period of Global Capitalism witnesses the dismantling of American Apartheid, & the beginning of the end of discrimination  
  In the Age of Global Capitalism, there is less physical violence based on racism today than in the past   
  Racist mobs attack Blacks, Asians, etc. for economic reasons, justified by racist ideologies based on  Social Darwinism & religious beliefs  
  Many racial attacks & harassments are coordinated or incited by the KKK & related orgs  
  1908-21  mobs attack blacks in dozens of US cities  
  In 1922, Marcus Garvey gives the Universal Negro Improvement Association Speech in NYC, & this organization becomes the Negro Nationalist Movement  
  From 1937-1945 the Holocaust took place in Europe  
  The economic base of Nazism necessitated the Holocaust, & was justified by the racist ideology of Aryan superiority  
  The US knew about the Holocaust but chose to look the other way because of American Anti Semitism, lack of public political will, & a reluctance to enter WW 2  
  An analysis of the early discrimination in unions shows that early in their development, many American unions, but not all, were discriminatory / racist  
  The UMWA was not discriminatory  
  Unions also discriminated against women & other groups because many early US unions were dominated by a WASP patriarchy  
  The UMWA had accepted many ethnicities & races of miners from its inception  
  Liberal & Radical Union leaders had been assassinated & deported by the govt.  
  Since the late 1800s, lured by industrialists, Blacks traveled North & had been & used as scabs & strikebreakers  
  The Internal Colonialism Theory & the Split Labor Market Theory explain much of the racism that festered in the late 1800s & early 1900s  
 Link
 See Also:  The Causes of Racism / Social Differentiation  
  Dr. Ralph Bunche (1903-1971), an African American mediator & UN diplomat, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in fostering an armistice btwn warring Arabs & Israelis  
  In 1960, Wilma Rudoph made history when she became the 1st African American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track & field.  She was known as "the fastest woman in the world"  
  In the 1950s & 60s, the Civil Rights Movement uses non-violent methods in 200 cities to advance its cause  
  In 1957, the Civil Rights Act was passed  
  In 1957, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, w/ ML King as president, was formed  
  In 1963, the Letter from a Birmingham Jail w/ the Birmingham Manifesto heralded King's legacy to African Americans  
  In 1963, WEB Du Bois dies at age 95 in Ghana  
  In 1964, the another Civil Rights Act passed & these two laws are the first comprehensive federal civil rights legislation of the 20th century  
  The Civil Rights Act makes it illegal to discriminate on basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, & established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC )  
  The Disabilities Act is passed decades later, but even today it is still legal to discriminate on sexual orientation though some institutions have rules against it  
  In 1968,  ML King is assassinated  
 Link
 See Also:  Affirmative Action,   1967  
  Executive Order 11375, signed by President Johnson, established Affirmative Action  
 Link
 See Also:  Affirmative Action Backlash  
 
 In 1983 President Reagan signed the bill that established January 20 as a federal holiday in honor of ML King
 
 
 It took many years for Congress to decide to celebrate ML King Day, but a few states had declared a state holiday
 
  Unions & race today:  
  In 1960, the AFL CIO supports civil rights, & begins integration in unions  
  Nearly all unions have successfully integrated today  
  Blacks & Hispanics in America are more likely to be union members than whites  
 
 The glass ceilings still exist in some unions as a result of institutional discrimination
 
 
 Significant Impacts of race in modern era include that in:
 
  - the 1960s there were race riots in US cities  
  - 1968 when MLK is assassinated, over 100 communities erupt in violence  
  - 1973 US Steel pays $31 mm to women & minorities for past discrimination  
  - 1973 the first interracial kiss occurs on national TV on Star Trek btwn Cpt Kirk & Lt Orrura (but the kiss is the result of  both being under the control of an 'alien force')  
  - 1980 in Miami, when the police beat a black business man to death for a traffic violation, riots occurs in Miami & other cities resulting in 18 deaths & $200 mm in property damage  
  - Ford pays $ 21 mm to minorities for workplace discrimination  
  - 1988 Jesse Jackson finished 2nd in the Democratic Primary despite the fact that many people would not vote for him solely because of race  
  - Armenians & Azerbaijanis engage in ethnic warfare  
  - 1989 Miami cops shoot a black boy resulting in waves of riots & police attacks  
  - 1992 the Rodney King beating & subsequent trial, acquittal, riots, federal trial & convictions of officers occur  
  - 1994 the OJ Simpson trial takes place dividing the nation & creating an unheard of national conversation on race & justice  
  - 1995 Church burnings become so frequent that they gain national attention  
  - 1996 Texaco agrees to pay $1.5 b for discrimination primarily against blacks who aspire to own Texaco franchises  
  - the CIA crack scandal blows over  
  - 1991-93 an ethnic war in Yugoslavia btwn Serbs, Croats & Slovenians who are Muslim & Christian threatens to envelop all of Southern Europe culminating  in a successful UN peacekeeping action  
  - 1999 NYC cops shoot an off duty black cop  
  - 2005 youth  riots which are ethnically based erupt in France as a result of the frustration of the underclass  
 
 "Race & ethnic" conflicts around the world are often based on 'economic' conflicts as seen in:
 
 
 -  S. Africa where Dutch Whites opposed Mandella's ANC & Budulazies Inkaataa Freedom Party & the issues were both land reform & civil rights
 
  -  Northern Ireland where Irish Catholics are oppressed by British Protestants which & the issues were political econ control of  N Ireland  
  -  Israel where Jews, Palestinians, other Arabs, & Christians all oppose each other over land & political econ control w/in that land  
 
 In the US, there is less physical violence based on racism today than in the past, though there is more institutional racism
 
  The next period, the Post Industrial Age, witnesses the major form of discrimination being institutional discrimination  

The End
 
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