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- Review Questions |
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Schools of psychology |
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Cognitive psychology |
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Humanistic psychology |
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Maslow |
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Psychological Geography |
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Territoriality |
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In-class: Are humans territorial? |
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Ethology |
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Proxemics |
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Semiotics |
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Enlightenment & Modernity |
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Post-Modernity |
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There are FOUR major Schools of Psychology | ||||
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1. Behavioral |
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2. Psychoanalytic |
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Freud |
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Jung |
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3. Cognitive |
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4. Humanistic |
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Maslow |
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Rogers | ||||
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There are SEVENTEEN Areas in Psychology | ||||
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Abnormal | ||||
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Clinical | ||||
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Comparative | ||||
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Counseling | ||||
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Developmental | ||||
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Educational | ||||
| Gestalt | |||||
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Industrial | ||||
| Learning | |||||
| Motivational | |||||
| Parapsychology | |||||
| Perception | |||||
| Personality | |||||
| Socio-biology | |||||
| Social psychology | |||||
| Structuralism | |||||
| Transactional analysis | |||||
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Cognitive Psychology developed out of behavioral psychology,
but believes there is more to human nature than a series of stimulus-response connections |
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Cognitive Psychology focuses on THREE mental processes of cognition
- thinking - reasoning - self-awareness |
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Cognitive Psychology researches FOUR areas on how people
a. gather information about the world b. process that info c. plan responses d. react to responses / gather more info |
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"Environmental" knowledge (ALL knowledge) is acquired through a filter
of personal & group characteristics such as race, gender, age, religion, culture, location, etc. |
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There are FIVE common cognitive patterns of organization of space
a. Paths d. Nodes b. Edges e. Landmarks c. Districts |
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Distortions in the cognition process may result from FOUR factors
a. poor senses b. lack of information c. lack of experience: no comparable patterns d. “over” ethnocentrism |
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There are FIVE processes which create a cognitive image
Chart on the Formation of Cognitive Images |
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| What are we
exposed to? |
via senses
what are we attuned to? “active sensing” the more first-hand information we have about an env., the more we can draw on secondary sources |
brain: prior images/
knowledge/ experiences/ etc.: apparent pattern? personality: ethnocentricity, imagination, etc. |
Knowledge
beliefs values norms attitudes we have that shape other cog factors |
conglomeration of all of the above
we sense the image w/o separating our own impressions of it |
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Maslow is considered "Father of Humanistic Psychology" | ||||
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Humanistic Psychology developed as an alternative to behaviorism & psychoanalytical psychology | ||||
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Maslow stressed the necessity of studying well-adjusted people instead of only disturbed ones | ||||
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Maslow believed people are controlled by their own values & choices
not by the environment or by unconscious drives |
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Maslow holds that we have EIGHT Needs or Stages
a. Physiological Needs b. Safety Needs c. Belongingness & Love Needs d. Esteem Needs e. Need to Know & Understand f. Aesthetic Needs g. Self-Actualization h. Transcendence |
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Chart on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | ||||
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Psychologists debate over whether each stage in the Hierarchy must
be absolutely fulfilled
before the next stage of development can occur, or whether a person can skip one stage, or accomplish them in another order |
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Job Satisfaction was originally linked only to the Physiological Needs: to provide income | ||||
| Today, many needs are directly related to the Hierarchy | |||||
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Humanistic Psychology developed as an alternative to behaviorism & psychoanalytical psychology | ||||
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Humanistic Psychology holds that individuals are controlled by their
own values & choices
& not entirely by the environment, as behavioral psychologists believes or by unconscious drives, as psychoanalytical psychologists believes |
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The goal of Humanistic Psychology is to help people function effectively
& fulfill their own unique potential |
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Humanistic Psychologists believe that individuals' values, meaning systems, intentions, conscious acts, etc. are at center of understanding human psychology | ||||
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These are the "higher functions" | ||||
| blank | SIA: Social Impact Analysis ( SIA ) is the process whereby the govt. must determine the impact of any project which effect the environment on society | ||||
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What are individual preferences for the environment? | ||||
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What cognitive images come to mind about the environment? | ||||
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There are FIVE Goals of Psychological Geography
a. Explain how the environment is perceived & understood by people b. Explain how we acquire knowledge of the environment c. Explain how we form attitudes about the environment d. Explain how our behaviors shape the environment e. Explain how we ascribe meaning to the environment |
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Psychological Geography views the Landscape as Text:
This is a metaphor for how we both read & write the environment Landscapes both produce & communicate meaning |
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We develop a psychological Sense of Place which include feelings evoked as a result of experiences, memories, symbolism associated w/ a place | ||||
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Insiders & Outsiders Sense of Place are both important | ||||
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Insiders often have more personal, exact knowledge about an area | ||||
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The Federal-State political system reflects our values that
we give insiders supremacy over an area, but we still allow for some Outsider influence |
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Outsider may be more objective: Joni Mitchell: 'Big Yellow
Taxi:'
"You don't know what you've got til it's gone." We cannot really appreciate our appreciation of a place until we are outside of it |
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The Interaction of Images & Behavior demonstrates two points: | ||||
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1. We "learn" environments: i.e., how to act, use them, etc. | ||||
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2. Psychologically, we create Self-Fulfilling Prophecies:
Social fact: the narrower a person's experience, the less likely they are to venture out: “It's scary/threatening/hostile out there.” The less you are out there, the more true this is. Unfamiliarity does make a place more difficult, dangerous, etc. |
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We Market a Sense of Place:
Sense of place has become a commodity: Tourism & travel vacations are growing |
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The Marketing of Senses of Place has created the need to maintain,
or even establish a cultural identity |
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UN Econ, Soc, & Cultural Organization (UNESCO) establish. a World
Heritage List:
From UK Docklands to Old West Town to debunking the Hillbilly persona |
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What is the Appalachian culture?
What should it be? |
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Territoriality means attachment to location & has TWO aspects | ||||
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1. The Individual conception is basically that of private property:
From personal items to land & resources |
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2. The Social conception is that of the State: governmental
sovereignty,
which enforces individual rights & delineates the rights of the State Recently individual rights have been limited by the State |
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There are SIX theories on causes of territoriality; i.e., Why are attached to a location? | ||||
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1. "Territorial urge" we have an instinct to own / control things | ||||
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2. Regulation of social interaction: property is an important
way in which we regulate
our interactions from the control of people (i.e. children & spouses to slaves to workers) |
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3. Access to people & resources: From Humanistic Psychology:
Property allows fulfillment of physiological needs as well as higher social needs |
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4. Focus & symbol: Territory gives meaning, identity, etc. | ||||
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5. Classification, communication & enforcement:
Property allows us to separate people: "You are from..." |
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6. Power & control: Land, property, etc. is power | ||||
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The amount of territory we "need" is socially determined | ||||
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We mark our space in many different ways from "being there" to lawn ornaments to Deeds & Title Insurance | ||||
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In-class project: Are humans territorial? |
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Ethology is the study of human character, especially the formation & development such as courtship, mating, care of young, communication, establishing & defense of territory, customs & beliefs | ||||
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Ethos: character, disposition, or spirit of a people, place or institution | ||||
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Ethnogram: A list of known behavior patterns & the conditions under which a behavior occurs | ||||
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Ethology holds that the Social becomes Instinctual: many
behaviors are created
for social & pragmatic reasons & then become instinctual, innately ingrained |
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Psychologists & sociologist call this process: Socialization:
a.k.a. "Deep Learning"
We "learn" things so powerfully that we can never forget or unlearn them |
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Ethology holds that people of a place have a particular ethos
that is at least partially effected by the environment |
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Proxemics is the study of social & cultural meanings of personal space | ||||
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The Personal Space Urge is socially determined
Which culture prefers to be the closest? Which culture prefers the most distance? |
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Crowds do not cause stress unless combined w/ other factors such as food shortage | ||||
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We usually feel comfortable in a group | ||||
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Humans live in "packs" | ||||
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American Society is the most individualistic, isolated, least social culture in history | ||||
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Semiotics is the practice of writing & reading signs, of interpreting signs/signals | ||
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We "naturally" practice semiotics w/ people, things, places:
we are meaning making creatures
What does the mall mean to you? |
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We "read culture as a text" Our dress, jewelry, hair, car are all signs | ||
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Geographic examples: Washington DC & Brasilia, Brazil | ||
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Semiotics shares w/ structuralism, a focus on language | ||
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Semiotics focuses on the structure of sign systems,
which includes language, discourse, all linguistic representational systems, & all means of communications - facial expressions - body language - literature - all forms of communication |
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Roland Barthes is often seen as the founder of Semiotics | ||
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Barthes extended Saussure's ideas to all areas of social life
not only language but wrestling matches, TV shows, fashions, cooking, & everything in everyday life |
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For Barthes, the linguistic turn came to encompass
all social social phenomena, which all came to be interpreted as signs |
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Signs, language, etc. could reveal the true structure of the mind, humanity, society, reality, the truth |
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The Pre-Enlightenment Era ( 1300 - 1700 ) was dominated
by theological ideology
& feudalistic political -economic system |
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The English Revolution in 1642 was the 1st "democratic" revolution | ||
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The Enlightenment Era runs for approximately 100 yrs. from the English
Revolution
to the French Revolution ( 1789 ) aka Age of Reason; Age of Rationalization |
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| Blank | Enlightenment was a time of radicalism: religious skeptics,
political reformers,
cultural critics, historians, social theorists |
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Emergence of the modern social institutions: democracy; industrial revolution; urbanization; science | ||
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During the Enlightenment Era, a new philosophy called material
pragmatism,
explored how to make life better: freedom, justice, equality, etc. |
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The Enlightenment Era ushered in Modernity | ||
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The Enlightenment influenced Rousseau et al .... & today | ||
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There are TWELVE tenets of the Enlightenment | ||
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1. Western Society "worships" reason: Science allows us to examine everything | ||
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3. Reason/science is extremely powerful | ||
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4. Nature is orderly & knowable | ||
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5. There are Universal Laws | ||
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10. There is progress | ||
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11. The Social Sciences shepherd progress | ||
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The Enlightenment is still influential today | ||
| Blank | There are SIX major effects of Enlightenment lasted from 1600s to WW2 for common people: | ||
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a. Optimism of pre-WW1 World's Fairs
b. There was widespread intellectual movement that "worshipped" progress c. Modern landscapes of Toronto, Chicago, NY, Paris superseded pre-modern landscapes (feudal) London, Paris, Moscow d. Compared to today, there was extreme optimism that science would solve all our problems: pill food, atomic cars, robot workers, etc. e. Industrialization transformed a large part of the world f. The media was born |
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The Goal of the Enlightenment & Modernity is the maximization
of rationality
The Enlightenment began the era of "Modernity" |
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Modernity: the ideology/ school of thought: that through
rationality,
as embodied in the social sciences, that we can find a way to live together |
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Habermas: We need the completion of modernity |
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List of nine criticisms of the Age of Reason | ||
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9. Link: Post-Modernity |
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Post-modernity is an ideology/ school of thought/ which holds
that through rationality,
as embodied in the social sciences, we are lead to exploitation & oppression |
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Post-Modernism embraces a complete openness
to perspectives in social inquiry, art, political empowerment, etc. |
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Many Post-Modernists will not define their position in the affirmative
To do so, is too rational/limiting/oppressive |
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Post-Modernism's critique of Modernity is that it is a flawed ideology
or school of thought
because rationality crushes the human spirit |
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Post-Modernism developed from TWO schools of thought | ||
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Post-Modernism developed as a philosophical view from Romanticism,
which directly followed the Enlightenment & was a reaction against the Enlightenment |
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Post-Modernism evolved out of the principles of Marxism which hold
that we need to reject mainstream culture & create a new culture |
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Post-Modernism rejects many schools of thought:
-- positivism -- functionalism -- marxism -- conflict theory Post-Modernism rejects mainstream culture to create greater freedom & respect for all The reason for the rejection is because each school, culture, etc. in some way rejects/limits others |
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Post-Modernism advocates total inclusion | ||
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Deconstructionism is a branch of postmodern philosophy
which emphasizes tearing down "popular culture" e.g., global culture |
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For the Post-Modernists, Progress is an Illusion
Post-Modernism abandons focus on economic & scientific progress: -- Have we really made progress? -- For who? -- Under what criteria? |
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Post-Modernism opposes globalization because it is the
ultimate imposition of rationalization
Mass communications have created world events that are actually empty for most of us |
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The critique of Post-Modernism is that it substitutes only
individualism, cultural diversity, etc.
for all of Modernity & popular culture |
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Jurgen Habermas' critique of Post-modernism is that Post-Modernism
is merely an embrace of radical individualism. The Post-Modernist's rejection of rationality offers nothing in its place |
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REVIEW QUESTIONS CG 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY
1. List the 4 major schools of Psychology a. ____________ b. _____________ c. _____________ d. ___________ 2. List 2 of common cognitive patterns of organization of space a. __________________ b. __________________ 3. ___________________ Psychology developed as an alternative to behaviorism & psychoanalytical psychology 4. For Humanistic Psychologists individuals' values, meaning systems,
intentions,
5. Maslow stressed the necessity of studying _________________ people instead of only _________________ ones 6. List 4 of Maslow Needs or Stages a. _______________________
b. ______________________
7. List 2 Goals of Psychological Geography: a. _______________________________________________
8. The Marketing of Senses of Place has created the need to maintain, or even establish a _____________________ 9. _________________________ means attachment to location 10. The amount of territory we "need" is ___________________ determined 11. ___________________ is the study of human character, especially the formation & development such as courtship 12. Psychologists & sociologist call the process by which the social becomes instinctual ____________________ 13. __________________ is the study of social & cultural meanings of personal space 14. Which culture prefers the most distance? _____________________ 15. We ______________ practice semiotics w/ people, things, places: we are _________________ making creatures 16. The ______________________ Era (
1300 - 1700 ) was dominated by theological ideology
17. The ______________________ Era runs for approximately 100 yrs. from the ______________________ Revolution to the French Revolution 18. One of the tenets of the Enlightenment is that Western Society ______________________ reason 19. One of the tenets of the Enlightenment is that ______________________ is extremely powerful 20. One of the tenets of the Enlightenment is that there are ______________________ Laws 21. One of the tenets of the Enlightenment is that the _________________________ shepherd progress 22. _____________________ is an ideology/ school of thought/
which holds that through rationality,
23. Post-Modernism's critique of Modernity is that it is a flawed
ideology or school of thought
24. Post-Modernism evolved out of the principles of Marxism which
hold
25. Post-Modernism opposes __________________ because
it is the ultimate imposition of rationalization
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