Harriet Martineau  1802 - 1876

Martineau was born in Norwich, England. She was educated at home because of poor health. 
Harriet Martineau was the sister of James Martineau, the Unitarian leader. Member of a literary circle including John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor, & Thomas Carlyle. Martineau lost most of her hearing at age 12 & had to use a large ear trumpet. Her father, brother & lover all died before she was 24, leaving her impoverished & dependent on her pen for a livelihood.  She was the first English woman journalist writing for the Monthly Repository, the Unitarian journal, in 1821 when she was 19. Martineau was known as a British writer & social reformers who wrote widely on economic, philosophic, & social issues. 

She wrote more than 30 books & thousands of articles in spite of nearly constant illness.  She became famous for a series of stories called Illustrations of Political Economy, 1832-1834.
These stories explained economics for the ordinary reader. Martineau also wrote biographies, essays, fiction, history, poetry, religious works & children's stories. In her writing, Martineau opposed cruel treatment of children in factories & supported voting rights for women. She called for better education & health care for the poor & mentally ill. 

She wrote her Autobiography in three volumes & translated Comte's The Positive Philosophy & believed before she encountered Comte, that the study of society ought to become a rigorous discipline.

Mill was the most influential philosopher in the English speaking world during the 19th century.  ( Encyclopedia of Phil, p. 314 )  Mill was born in London and educated by his father, James Mill, 1773-1836.  By the age of 14 he had mastered Latin, classical literature, logic, political economy, history, & math.  He entered the East India Company as a clerk at 17.  Like his father, he became director of the company. He retired after 33 years of service and was elected to Parliament in 1865. Was the leader of the utilitarian movement. [ The utilitarian movement today is not highly regarded.  But his other works are widely respected. ] Mill tried to help the English working people by promoting measures leading to a more equal division of profits.  He favored a cooperative system of agriculture and increased rights for women. WBE, 1991, Vol. 13, p. 552 1826  JS Mill had an attack of intense depression.  It took the poetry of Wordworth to help cure him.  Mill felt he had been overly rational and that his capacity for emotion had been unduly weakened by strenuous training in analytical thought, with the result that he could no longer care for anything at all  EP 315. William John Fox was the most prominent Unitarian of the time and ran the Monthly Repository.  In 1830, after her second son was born, Taylor remarked to Fox that she needed a discussion partner.  Fox introduced her to JS Mill.  Zeitlin. In 1831 when he was 25 and she was 24.  they developed a deep though Platonic love and for the next 20 years they saw each other almost constantly despite the increasing social isolation this created  EP 315. Dissenters and Radicals became closer.  The Unitarians and the Utilitarians became closer  ( Zeitlin )

Mill was born in Scotland and graduated from Edinburgh University where he studied for the ministry.  he became a Presbyterian minister in 1798 but left the ministry in 1802 to become a journalist. Established a reputation as a writer with A History of British India, 1817.  this work influenced changes in the Indian government.  It won him a job with the East India company in 1819 which he headed from 1830 until his death.  In 1808, Mill met Jeremy Bentham, a political economist and the father of utilitarianism.  The utilitarians believed that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the sole purpose of all public action.  Mill followed Bentham and became editor of the utilitarian St. James’ Chronicle. Mill's writing helped clarify the meaning of utilitarianism. Analysis of Phenomena of the Human Mind, 1829:  a study of psychology
Elements of Political Economy, 1821:  wrote it for his son and became the first textbook of English economics. Fragment on Mackintosh, 1835:  views of utility as the basis of morals.
WBE, 1991, Vol. 13, p. 552

W/in their own group:

W/in all of society / across groups?

drug use
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house in a fire zone

John Stuart Mill was born in Pentonville, UK, the eldest son of the British philosopher and historian James Mill. John Stuart was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. His father, a follower of Bentham and an adherent of associationism, had as his explicit aim to create a genius intellect that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after he and Bentham were dead.

Mill was a notably precocious child.  Later, he was introduced to political economy and studied Adam Smith and David Ricardo with his father--ultimately completing their classical economic view of factors of production.  This intensive study however had injurious effects on Mill's and at the age of 21 he suffered a nervous breakdown. His depression eventually began to dissipate, as he began to find solace in the poetry of William Wordsworth. His capacity for emotion resurfaced, Mill remarking that the "cloud gradually drew off".  Mill refused to study at Oxford University or Cambridge University, because he refused to take Anglican orders from the "white devil."

In 1865-8, he was an independent Member of Parliament, Mill advocated easing the burdens on Ireland, and became the first person in Parliament to call for women to be given the right to vote. Mill became a strong advocate of women's rights and such political and social reforms as proportional representation, labor unions, and farm cooperatives. In 1869, he argued for the right of women to vote. In Considerations on Representative Government, Mill called for various reforms of Parliament and voting, especially proportional representation, the Single Transferable Vote, and the extension of suffrage. He was godfather to Bertrand Russell.

In 1851, Mill married Harriet Taylor after 21 years of an intimate friendship. Taylor was married when they met, and their relationship was close but chaste during the years before her first husband died. Brilliant in her own right, Taylor was a significant influence on Mill's work and ideas during both friendship and marriage. His relationship with Harriet Taylor reinforced Mill's advocacy of women's rights. He cites her influence in his final revision of On Liberty, which was published shortly after her death, and she appears to be obliquely referenced in The Subjection of Women. Taylor died in 1858 after developing severe lung congestion, only seven years into her marriage to Mill.  He died in Avignon, France in 1873, and is buried alongside his wife.