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Lecture Review Notes 4:
Mary Wollstonecraft
1759  -  1797
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An Overview of Mary Wollstonecraft  
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    A Vindication of the Rights of Women  
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    Edmund Burke  1729 - 1797  

 
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 Outline on  Mary Wollstonecraft   1759 - 1797
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-  Quotes   
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-  Biography   
  - Project: Can Education Eliminate Sexism? 
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  - Project: Wollstonecraft, Education, Rousseau 
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WOLLSTONECRAFT BELIEVED THAT THE ENLIGHTENMENT HAD NOT IMPROVED WOMEN'S LIVES 
 
  Wollstonecraft was aware that the Enlightenment had improved the lives of the common man, but not women's lives 
 
  Wollstonecraft recognized that the failure of the Enlightenment to improve the lives of women could be traced to: 
- no education for women 
- men's control of "things"
- the Bible
- classical Greek thought 
 
  WHILE ROUSSEAU HAD ALWAYS BEEN VIEWED AS VERY PROGRESSIVE, WOL REVEALED THE SEXISM OF A MAN WHO ELEVATED WOMEN IN HIS TIME   
  Wollstonecraft attacked Rousseau's point of view on education & women in her famous work, A Vindication of the Rights of Women  
  Rousseau believed that men & women should be taught differently, while Wollstonecraft believed that women could rise to a higher position w/ a better ed   
  WOMEN NEEDED EQUAL EDUCATION TO BE EQUAL TO MEN   
  Wollstonecraft distinguishes btwn political & intellectual freedom & women's freedom 
 
  For W, unwilling submission to any person, institution, or custom is limiting, degrading, & destructive   
  Wollstonecraft believed sexism could be eliminated through the education of women 
 
  Women must have the freedom to cultivate reason, the key to self improvement & social change   
  Is education enough to end sexism?   
  Today, it is naïve to imagine that simply equalizing educational opportunity will ensure true equality for women   
  But the century after Wollstonecraft was a progression of newly opened doors for women's education, & that ed significantly changed the lives & opportunities for women in all aspects of their lives   
  Without equal & quality education for women, women would be doomed to Rousseau's vision of a separate & always inferior sphere   
  One's social env & education shape character & morality   
  Ed is the right of all humankind & the vehicle through which women can gain independence & equality   
  EDUCATION & REASON CAN ELIMINATE SEXISM   
  Is Wollstonecraft correct? Can education eliminate sexism? 
 
  Education is certainly part of the solution to eliminating sexism   
  Education may not be sufficient, but it is one path to ‘enlightenment’ 
 
  In viewing education in the larger sense, one sees that many cultures do not/did not have formal education, but they did teach equality 
 
  Wollstonecraft believes that women should be educated, because they educate the young   
  She also argues for the right of woman to be educated, because she is primarily responsible for the education of the young   
  Before 1789 & her Vindication of the Rights of Man, Wollstonecraft was known primarily as a writer about the education of children, & she still accepts this role as a primary role for woman as distinct from man   
  Reason, infallible & God given, should control all human thought & action   
  EDUCATION & WOMEN'S EQUALITY IMPROVE RELATIONS BTWN MEN & WOMEN   
  Wollstonecraft believes that education will improve marriage because marriage is a contractual partnership & thus the woman needs equal knowledge & sense to maintain the partnership   
  Wollstonecraft also argues that educating women will strengthen the marriage relationship, & her concept of marriage underlies this argument   
  A stable marriage, she believes, is a partnership btwn a husband & a wife   
  For Wol, a marriage is a social contract btwn two individuals   
  A woman thus needs to have equal knowledge & sense, to maintain the partnership   
  A stable marriage also provides for the proper ed of children   
  Education will rarely convert someone, but it does add weight to convictions already held 
 
  Education may teach that all people are equal   
  Education gives women employability, & thus economic power 
 
  EDUCATION BENEFITS HUMANITY IN GENERAL   
  Education is power 
 
  Education makes people aware of inequality   
  Education  makes people aware of mechanisms of inequality   
  Education gives tools to work for equality   
  Humankind is evolving social toward perfectibility   
  WOL'S IDEAS OF EQUALITY FOR WOMEN & THE POWER OF ED INFLUENCED MANY IMPORTANT THINKERS OF THE TIME   
  These thinkers influenced/agreed w/ Wollstonecraft:   
  In agreement w/ Wollstonecraft, Baron d’Holbach advocated education for women in System Social (1773)   
  In agreement w/ Wollstonecraft, Condorcet supported ed for women in his “Memoir on Public Instruction” in 1790   
  Catherine Macauley, English author of History of England & Letters on Education, 1790, advocated ed for women, in agreement w/ Wollstonecraft   

 
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Mary Wollstonecraft
1759-1797
William Godwin

Eldest daughter of a drunken, brutish father & a weak but harsh mother
Had a troubled youth, not untypical for Women of the time
Wollstonecraft educated herself by studying books at home
She & her sisters ran a school for a short period
From this she wrote, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters, 1787. 
She attacked the cruel treatment of girls, that was common at the time
She also wrote other essays, stories & translations
1797:  married William Godwin, a British political reformer
Their daughter, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly, wrote the horror novel, Frankenstein in 1818


 
A quote:
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Quotes by Wollstonecraft
A quote: I do not wish women to have power over men; but over themselves.
A quote: Contending for the rights of women, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man, she will stop the progress of knowledge, for truth must be common to all, or it will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. 
A quote: Make women rational creatures, and free citizens, and they will quickly become good wives; — that is, if men do not neglect the duties of husbands and fathers. 
A quote:   Men and women must be educated, in a great degree, by the opinions and manners of the society they live in.  In every age there has been a stream of popular opinion that has carried all before it, and given a family character, as it were, to the century. It may then fairly be inferred, that, till society be differently constituted, much cannot be expected from education. 
A quote:   It appears to me impossible that I should cease to exist, or that this active, restless spirit, equally alive to joy & sorrow, should be only organized dust, ready to flay abroad the moment the spring snaps or the spark goes out, which kept it together.  Surely something resides in this heart that is not perishable, & life is more than a dream
A Short Residence in Sweden

 
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 Outline on  The Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792
by Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759 - 1797
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-  Project:   Can education eliminate sexism?
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  -  Project:   Compare the Ideas of Rousseau & Wolstonecraft on Gender & Education 
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Wollstonecraft was influenced by the Fr philosophers & especially by Rousseau
 
 
Review Rousseau        1712  -  1778
 
 
The Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is a response to Rousseau, Edmund Burke, & other men of the age
 
 
Review Edmund Burke       1729 - 1797  
 
In reading the Vindication today, it seems out-dated, old fashioned, traditional; never-the-less, it touches many important contemporary issues concerning gender & liberty
 
 
Reading the Vindication today, most readers are struck w/ how relevant some parts are, yet how archaic others are 
 
 
The quaintness of the Vindication reflects the enormous changes in the value society places on women's reason today, as contrasted to the late 18th C; but it also reflects the many ways in which issues of equality of rights & duties are still w/ us today
 
 
The context of Wol's writing was one of an international, heated, political debate
 
 
During the time of Wollstonecraft's Vindication, in 1789, Dr. Richard Price, a Unitarian minister in England, preached a sermon "On the Love of Country."
 
 
In Price's sermon he congratulated the Fr National Assembly for the Rev which had opened up new possibilities for religious & civil freedom
 
 
The Fr Assembly's "Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen" was a landmark in world hist, especially following the 1776 Am Declaration of Independence
 
 
Price spoke of being a citizen of the world, w/ all the rights that citizenship implied
 
 
Price developed his doctrine of perfectibility, that the world can be made better through human effort
 
 
Price's doctrine of perfectibility held that the world can be better through human effort & advocated theological & philosophical justification for social reform, for striving in this world for social change
 
 
Burke argued in Reflections on the Fr Rev that society should not allow men the rights of kings or allow liberty instead of authority
 
  For Burke, to allow men the rights of kings, to substitute liberty for authority, would result in chaos & war  
  Not all English writers agreed with Dr. Price on world citizenship & universal human rights, & the responses to the sermon are better known to history than the initial sermon itself  
  Edmund Burke, appalled at the allowing man the rights of kings, allowing the institution of liberty at the expense of traditional authority, responded w/ his Reflections on the French Revolution  
  Burke argued that the overthrow of authority in Fr would bring on chaos & disorder  
  Burke's arguments answered & denied Price's assertions of natural rights & Price's doctrine of perfectibility  
 
Thomas Paine responded to Burke's view on the limitation of rights & liberty w/ The Rights of Man
 
  Wollstonecraft responded to Burke's view on the limitation of rights & liberty w/  A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 1790; followed by A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1791/2  
  Burke's & Paine's responses are today considered classics of political philosophy.   
  Few have read Mary Wollstonecraft's initial answer to Burke in A Vindication of the Rights of Men, published in 1790  
  Wol followed this argument with another response in 1791, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman  
  The 2nd ed. in 1792, included Wol's revisions, is the edition, in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, available today, Wol makes her arguments about the need & value of female emancipation  
 
Wollstonecraft's response to Burke was that she saw Burke as separating love & respect, making them opposing principles
 
 
In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Wol applied to the situation of women the same Enlightenment principles as in Vindication of the Rights of Men wherein all people inherit natural rights at birth
 
  In her 1791-92 Vindication, now considered a classic of feminist history, Wol argued primarily for the rights of woman to be educated  
 
Through education would come emancipation
 
  THE PERSONAL IS POLITICAL  
  Wol accepts that the home is the woman's domain, but she does not isolate it from the public sphere
 
  The public & private spheres are integrally connected because the home is the foundation for social life  
 
In defending this right, she accepts the definition of her time that women's sphere is the home, but she does not isolate the home from public life as many others did & as many still do
 
 
For Wol, the public life & domestic life are not separate, but connected
 
  US activists & feminists in the 60s & 70s promoted the realization that 'the personal was political'  
 
The home is important to Wol because it forms a foundation for the social life, the public life
 
 
The state, the public life, enhances & serves both individuals & the family
 
 
Men have duties in the family, too, & women have duties to the state
 
 
GENDER SOCIALIZATION
 
  While Wol would not have used the term "socialization," today we say that much of Wol's work concerned the socialization of women  
 
Wol was one of earliest thinkers to recognize the gender socialization process
 
 
Wol believed that the woman who strengthens her body & develops her mind will become the friend, not the dependent of man
 
 
Women appear inferior because of the way they are raised:  encouraged to demonstrate weak feminine virtues of gentleness, passivity, submission & spaniel like affection
 
 
That women are inferior cannot be demonstrated as long as they are held in a state of subjugation
 
 
Wol is consistent w/ Hobbes in that she allows that bodily strength is given to men, but as for knowledge & virtue, women & men are equal 
 
 
As Hobbes says, strength is unimportant, for the weakest has the cunning to kill the strongest
 
  SUPERIORITY  
 
Are men physically superior? 
 
 
Women have approx 2/3s the mass of men
 
 
Women are expected to show dominance in endurance sports
 
 
Hand eye coordination of many sports may be function of early socialization:  e.g. throwing a ball
 
 
Women have a better search function, but could this be the result of socialization?
 
Link
Why are men physically bigger than women?
 
  PERFECTIBILITY  
  The blood-letting of the Fr Revolution led Wol challenge her commitment to the doctrine of perfectibility
 
  Wol's visit to France in 1792, as her husband William Godwin later wrote, challenged her own earlier arguments & resulted in more reserved optimism  
  She published A Histl & Moral View of the Origin & Progress of the Fr Rev, an attempt to reconcile her horror at the blood of the Rev w/ her faith in perfectibility  
  Wol integrated into her political ethics an acknowledgment that along w/ human potential for becoming good was also a potential for viciousness  
  But Wol remained confident that the essence of humanity was good, & that even the "chaotic mass" could result in "a fairer govt"  
  CHILD REARING  
 
One of the most controversial topics of the time, then as now, concerned gender roles & raising children
 
 
Wol believed that if mothers wish to give daughters a dignity of character, they should use a plan, the opposite of Rousseau's because if women are bound, they will become weak
 
 
Rousseau's accusation that women have a  fondness for dolls, dressing & talking...  these accusations are so ridiculous so as to not merit a response
 
 
Yet we still debate these traditional male & female traits today
 
  THE 'BONDS' OF MARRIAGE  
 
Wol discussed how the "civil death" of women was written into common law:  property in relation to: name, freedom transfers to husband on marriage, control of their own bodies
 
Link
What are some examples of matrimonial civil death?
 
Link
What are some examples of civil death in divorce?
 
Link
What are some examples of civil death in widowhood?
 
  CLASS & GENDER  
 
Wol's argument was, in some respects, one of a gender based class analysis
 
 
Wol notes that wealthy women are no more free than poor women
 
 
Wol calls for middle class women to lead the emancipation
 
  The middle class has generally lead social change  
 
Rich women live only to amuse themselves
 
  Burke had sympathy for aristocratic women, but Wol dismissed this as selective reasoning
 
  In this angry rebuttal of Burke, Wol, a member of Price's congregation, argued for what she considered God given rights of civil and religious liberty. . :   
  Wol spoke of the aristocracy that was being displaced in Fr as decadent  
  She criticized Burke's sympathy for the women of the displaced aristocracy in Fr as selective, ignoring the many more thousands of women who suffered under the old regime  
  "Your tears are reserved, very naturally considering your character, for the declamation of the theater, or for the downfall of queens, whose rank alters the nature of folly, and throws a graceful veil over vices that degrade humanity; whilst the distress of many industrious mothers, whose helpmates have been torn from them, and the hungry cry of helpless babes, were vulgar sorrows that could not move your commiseration, though they might extort an alms"
(from A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 1790).
 
 
Poor women  have added burden of domestic drudgery
 
 
While the women's  movement in America has been attacked as being white, & upper class, in truth, it is a middle class movement
 
 
Yet Wol still sees a place for servants for middle class Women 
 
Link
Which class leads change in society?
Where does change come from w/in society?
 
  SUFFRAGE & EDUCATION  
 
Wol also called for universal suffrage & universal education, which later, for leaders like Jefferson, became logically inseparable
 
 
There should be public education of men & women, free & open to all classes
 
 
Yet Wol does support what we would call "tracking" after the age of nine
 
 
Essentially, Wol is advocating that one engage in personal dev, then political development
 
Link
Must we achieve a level of individuation (education, experience, travel, independence, etc.) before we can become a ‘citizen’ or part of society?
 
Link
Do we need to have children to experience adulthood, i.e. to be fully individuated?
 
 
As Wol recognized, it is surprising that Rousseau, who understood socialization & education so well, did not see its effect on women 
 
 
Women should achieve intellectual equality w/ men, & then strive for political equality
 
 
Wol believed people should experience personal development, & then political dev.   Wol saw a hierarchy of roles
 
  DUTY  
 
The first duty of a woman  is to herself, then to motherhood, then as a citizen 
 
Link
Are these three spheres of life ( individuation, motherhood, citizenship ) in conflict?
 
 
Here, Wol presupposes the ideas that:  “It takes a village to raise a child.” because child rearing is a male task too; child rearing benefits all of society;  & should be socialized beyond family
 
 
Wol's view of women & motherhood has many qualities that today we would see as "feminist" & "traditional"
 
 
The care of children needs to be properly understood & re-examined:  meek wives are foolish mothers; women should breast feed
 
 
Yet women should always direct their energy to being wives & mothers:   “whatever tends to incapacitate the maternal character takes woman out of her sphere.”
 
Link
Is parenting is part of human nature, i.e. natural or is it learned/socialized?
 
Link
What will the family w/ children look like in the the 2010s?  the 2040s? 
 
Link
Can we say that “whatever tends to incapacitate paternal character takes Man out of his sphere”?
 
  For the success of marriage, & society, men should practice chastity & fidelity as required of women
 
  She also acknowledges that women are sexual beings, but so are men  
  Thus female chastity and fidelity, necessary for a stable marriage, require male chastity and fidelity too  
  Men are required, as much as women, to put duty over sexual pleasure  
  Perhaps her experience with Gilbert Imlay, father of her elder daughter, made this point more clear to her, as he was not able to live up to this standard  
  Control over family size, for instance, serves the individuals in the family, strengthens the family, & thus serves the public interest through raising better citizens  
  DUTY & SENSIBILITY  
  Wol prefaces the Romantic Movement in that she wants the integration of reason & feeling
 
  But putting duty above pleasure did not mean that feelings are not important  
  The goal, for Wol's ethics, is to bring feeling and thought into harmony  
  The harmony of feeling and thought reason  
  Reason was of primary importance to the Enlightenment philosophers, a company to which Wol belongs  
  But her celebration of nature, of feelings, of "sympathy," also make her a bridge to the Romantic philosophy and literary movements which follow  
  Her younger daughter much later married one of the best known Romantic poets, Percy Shelley  
 
See Also, the Romantic Movement  
Link
Women's absorption in purely sensing & feeling degrades them
 
  Wol sees women's absorption in such purely sensing and feeling activities as fashion and beauty denigrates their reason,   
  For Wol, sensibility makes women less able to maintain their part in the marriage partnership and reduces their effectiveness as educators of children. & thus makes them less dutiful as citizens  
  Wol's advocacy of combining feeling & reason made all people capable of reason & thus deserving of liberty & eligible for citizenship, contra Rousseau who denied that women were capable of reason & thus ineligible for citizenship
 
  In bringing together feeling and thought, rather than separating them and dividing one for woman and one for man, . .   
  Wol was also providing a critique of Rousseau, another defender of personal rights but one who did not believe that such individual liberty was for women  
  Woman, for Rousseau, was incapable of reason, and only man could be trusted to exercise thought and reason  
  Thus, for Rousseau, women could not be citizens, only men could  
Link
Only when women & men are equally free & both fulfill their duties to family & state, can there be true freedom
 
  But Wol, in her Vindication, makes clear her position: only when woman and man are equally free, and woman and man are equally dutiful in exercise of their responsibilities to family and state, can there be true freedom.   
  The essential reform necessary for such equality, Wol is convinced, is:  
  -  equal & quality ed for woman  
  -  an ed which recognizes her duty to ed her own children  
  -  to be an equal partner with her husband in the family  
  -  to recognize that woman, like man, is a creature of both thought & feeling: a creature of reason  

 
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Why are Men bigger than Women?

Study anthropology, feminist anthropology, evolutionary sociology

The Naked Ape
The Sex Contract
Guns, Germs, & Steel


 
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Examples of civil death in marriage
“The Trade in Women”  Firestone
Dowry:  gift from family of bride to groom: pmt for taking on burden of wife
Bridal Price:  gift from family of groom to family of bride
Arranged marriages
Give up name in marriage
Give up possession in marriage
Rule of thumb
Today? 


 
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Examples of Civil Death in Divorce
Div, separation, annulment, etc. very rare in Wollstonecraft's time
At that time, Men got the children
Today
Women get children
Women more likely to end up econ worse off
Men more likely to end up better off
Why do Women get the children?

Combination of Men shirking responsibility
Men's ability to re-marry


 
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Examples of Civil Death in Widowhood
Dower:  contemporary common law: 
    Women has right to 1/3 of Men's wealth
Men could not transfer wealth w/o Women's consent
Estate by Curtesy:  Man has right to Women's wealth 
Today, many states have community property laws

 
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Which class leads change in society?
Where does change come from w/in society?
Lower:   ???? Various slave & peasant revolts
Middle:  1848:  Seneca Falls?  1900s:  labor rights;
              1950-60s:  civil rights  & 1960’s Women's rights; 
              1960s:  Env;  1960s:  Vietnam
Upper:  1776?    1860s:  Civil War? 

 
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Must we achieve a level of individuation (education, experience, travel, independence, etc.) before we can become a ‘citizen’ or part of society?
 
 


 
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Do we need to have children to experience adulthood, i.e. to be fully individuated?

Yes & No!
 
 


 
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Are these three spheres of life ( Individuation, Motherhood, Citizenship ) in conflict?

Yes, definitely, but it seems that following the progression suggested by Wollstonecraft is good advice
 
 


 
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Is parenting is part of human nature, i.e. natural or is it learned/socialized?

Socialized


 
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What will the family w/ children look like in the the 2010s?  the 2040s?

That is, what will the family look like for you all & for your children?
 
 


 
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Can we say that “whatever tends to incapacitate paternal character takes Man out of his sphere”?

Men now enjoy raising children.
While no one likes the drudgery, i.e. diapers, tantrums, etc., any parent knows you must take the good w/ the bad
 
 
 


 
Internal
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 Outline on   Edmund Burke  1729 - 1797
External
Links
Link
-  Biography   
  -  Project:   Can education eliminate sexism? 
Link
  Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is a response to these Rousseau, Edmund Burke & other men of the age 
 
  Though Burke worked to decrease the power of rulers, Burke bitterly criticized the Fr Rev   
  Burke denounced the Fr Rev's:
a.  injustice to the individual, 
b.  attack on religion, 
c.  attempts to build a completely new social order
d.  violence & chaos
 
  Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790 greatly influenced British policy & opinion  
  Burke's ideas became the philosophy of the Conservative Party which was the most liberal party of the time  
  Burke was conservative in that he opposed many of the ideas of the Enlightenment, but liberal in that he supported others, & an end to tyranny
 
  Burke condemned the Fr Rev as a threat to society
 
  Burke supported many Enlightenment / liberty actions including:
a.  the support of the US
b.  the abolition of slavery
c.  the harsh penal system
d.  reform in India
 
  Burke maintained that inheritance & inequalities in rank were important elements in a civilized society
 
  An example of the importance of rank would be the defense of the wisdom contained in spontaneous custom & tradition  
  Burke developed the “principles of natural submission,” which held that lower classes, including women should submit to aristocracy
 
  In A Philosophical Inquiry into the Sublime & Beautiful (1757), Burke described women's beauty as a result of their littleness & weakness; proving that women do not have souls
 
  Burke believed in reform, not revolution
 
  Unlike Burke, many of the Enlightenment thinkers believed that only revolution could solve problems  
  Burke criticized sociological assumptions of the Enlightenment & the Fr Rev
 
  Burke believed that society is an organism, but its organs are not necessarily well coordinated, just as many functionalists do today
 
  For Burke & many of this time reforms, but not revolution, are necessary  
  Organicism refuted the rationalization of the Fr Philosophers
 
  While Fr Philosophers posited nat laws & rights, this implied that soc was simply a machine & that proper elements could be added, & improper elements eliminated almost at will, a la revolution  
  The organizing metaphor of the intellectuals of the time shifted from society as a machine to society as an organism
 
  Burke helped transform the metaphor of society from machine to organism   
  The Enlightenment was not as practical as a revolution
 
  Burke recognized that Enlightenment supporters tried to eliminate ancient institutions & replace them w/ new ones based on abstract principles  
  If the state were a mere contract, why couldn't it be dissolved or rewritten?  
  Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790  
  1.  In Burke's Reflections, he made the point that the individual has no abstract rights, rather rights develop out of society & develop organically  
  For Burke, rights are historic, not abstract  
  Burke said of the Fr Rev that not even 26 mm revolutionaries have a right to claim sovereignty  
  2. I n Burke's Reflections, he made the point that the state is no mere contract, rather it is a higher organic unity; an integral part of national community; a partner in all virtues & vices; partners w/ living & dead  
  For Burke, the state is not made of deliberate calculated inventions & it is not rat convictions that hold nations & societies together, but certain non rational forces  
  Not only material interests, but spiritual ties hold nations together  
  The ties which hold nations together may be "light as air" but they are "as strong as links of iron"  
  Burke's views were developed more by Hegel  

 
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Edmund Burke

1729 - 1797

Born in Dublin, Ireland, 
Worked for better Irish English relations
British Statesman
Served as a Whig member of Parliament from 1765 to his death
Burke influenced history of many nations besides England.
He opposed slavery
Achieved fame in attempt to improve Brit admin in India
During the American Revolution, urged Brit govt to reconcile w/
    colonies, giving them same rights as Brit citizens

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Important Works

A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful, 1757
Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790 

The End
 
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