Internal
Links

Top
 Review Notes:  Outline on  Tables on Poverty
External
Links
  -  Rev Notes:  ST 9:  Poverty & the Political Economy of Welfare
Link
Link
 TABLES ON THE LOWER CLASS  
  Table of Nine Classes in the Modern Industrialized Nations ( Primarily the US )  
  Table 5 - 3:   The Convergence of Occupation, Bureaucratic & Property Divisions of Five Class Categories  
  Figure 9 - 3    The Labor Force Status of Poor People, 15 yrs. & over in 1989       Lower Class  
Link
 TABLE ON THE POVERTY LINE  
  Table 3.7  A Comparison of the Official Poverty Line w/ the Median Income, 1960 - 2003 demonstrates that the poverty line is was reduced in the 1970s to about 1/3 of median income
 
Link
 TABLES ON THE INTRO TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF POVERTY
 
 
 Figure 9 - 1.1  Percent of Population Living in Poverty:  1959 - 2002
 
  Table 3.7  A Comparison of the Official Poverty Line w/ the Median Income, 1960 - 2003 demonstrates that the poverty line is was reduced in the 1970s to about 1/3 of median income   
  Table 9 - 1.3:   Poverty Rates in Industrial Nations:  1984 - 1987   
Link
 TABLES ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF POVERTY - ADVANCED  
  Table 9 - 2:   Trends in the Rate of Poverty with three Definitions of Poverty demonstrates that poverty rates are lower when one accounts for govt transfer pmts, i.e. Medicare, food stamps, etc.
 
  Table on Proportion of People by Race Below Poverty Level in the US  
  Table 9 - 3  Extent of Poverty for Select Categories of the Population demonstrates that in general, poverty rates are declining for all races, and that poverty rates for whites are half that of other races
 
  Table  9 - 4:  The Comparative Impact of Welfare Benefits & Tax Policies on Reducing Poverty demonstrates that compared to other industrialized countries, the US has the highest poverty rate & the least amount of welfare support
 
  Table  9 - 5  Comparative Attitudes Toward Inequality & Govt Involvement in the Economy to Reduce Inequality  
  Table 9 - 6  General Subject & Funding of Poverty Research in Major Sociology Journals 1965 to 1975   and    1984 to 1994  
Link
 TABLE ON CROSS NATIONAL COMPARISONS OF POVERTY
 
  Table 9 - 1.3:   Poverty Rates in Industrial Nations:  1984 - 1987 
 
Link
 TABLES ON SOCIAL MOBILITY
 
  Table 11-2.1  Outflow Mobility from Family Head's Broad Occupational Group 
    to Son's Current Occupation Group, 1962 & 1973 
 
  Table 11 - 2.2   Inflow Mobility from Family Head's Broad Occupational Group 
    to Son's Current Occupation Group, 1962 & 1973 
 
Link
 TABLE ON THE CAUSES OF POVERTY
 
  The Pie Chart on the Work Status of Poor People in 2000 indicates that about 50% of the poor did work, but only some of those would legally be considered unemployed
 
  Table  9 - 5:  Comparative Attitudes Toward Inequality & Govt Involvement in the Economy to Reduce Inequality demonstrates that the US has the most unfavorable attitudes toward inequality, tending to blame the poor, & for govt involvement in reducing inequality
 
  Table 9 - 6:  General Subject & Funding of Poverty Research in Major Sociology Journals:  1965 to 1975 and 1984 to 1994 demonstrates that the social sciences focus on poverty is high regardless of low govt funding for those studies  
Link
 TABLE ON THE SITUATIONAL VIEW OF THE CAUSE OF POVERTY
 
  Table on Merton's Analysis of Anomie
 
Link
 TABLES ON UNEMPLOYMENT 
 
  The Table on a Summary of Historical Unemployment Rates shows that the US has accepted ever higher rates of unemployment as normal
 
  The Pie Chart on the Work Status of Poor People in 2000 indicates that about 50% of the poor did work, but only some of those would legally be considered unemployed
 
  The Table on Occupational Differences in Unemployment shows that unemployment is distributed unequally across occupational groups
 
  The Table 5.5  Changes in US Unemployment Rates demonstrates that unemployment is a chronic problem in the US & that different groups experience different rates of unemployment 
 
  The Table on Unemployment in Europe shows that unemployment is a chronic problem in many industrialized nations
 
Link
 TABLES ON WELFARE 
 
  Chart 1:  The Allocation of Federal Entitlements
 
  An analysis of the Allocation of Federal Entitlements shows that two thirds of the cost of entitlements go to those who are far above the poverty line, & that only Medicaid, Food Stample SSI, Welfare, & the EITC go primarily to the poor
 
  Table 9 - 7  Percent of Central Government Expenditures  Spent on Housing, Social Security & Welfare:  1987 - 1989
 
  Table 9 - 8   Percent of Population Covered by Public Health Insurance, 1990
 
Link
 TABLE ON THE EVIDENCE ON THE FUNCTIONALITY OF STRATIFICATION
 
  An analysis of Table 6 - 4: Inequality & Productivity in Selected Industrial Countries in 2000, shows that there is no relationship btwn inequality & productivity demonstrating the dysfunctionality of high levels of stratification & inequality
 

 


TABLES ON THE LOWER CLASS
Top
  

Table of Nine Classes in the Modern Industrialized Nations ( Primarily the US )
 
1. Upper Class
 ( Old Money )		 Families high in property ownership
      w/ high authority flowing from said ownership
EG:  the old established families:
      Rockefellers, Du Ponts, Mellons, Fords, Carnegie		  
2. Corporate Class
 ( New Money)		 Families w/ high authority & power in
       major corporations
       in government
    usually w/o extensive ownership in these corporations
Examples:  corp. presidents, vice presidents, & top board members
Most analysts agree that the UC is shrinking while the Corp Class is growing		  
3. Upper Middle Class Families w/ relatively little property
      but high to middle positions 
      in occupation (nonmanual labor)
      and authority
Examples:  lesser corporate managers, doctors, lawyers....		  
4. Middle Class Families w/ relatively little property
      but  middle positions 
      in occupation (nonmanual labor)
      and authority
Examples:  lesser corporate managers, doctors, lawyers 
                 & major office workers, clerks, salespeople		  
5. Lower Middle Class Families w/ relatively little property
      but middle to low positions in 
      occupation (nonmanual labor)
      and authority
Examples:  office workers, clerks, salespeople		  
6. Skilled Working Class Families w/ little or no property
      Middle to low positions in a skilled occupation 
      Manual labor
      Little or no authority
Examples: 
      Plumber (blue collar)		  
7. Unskilled Working Class Families w/ little or no property
      Middle to low positions in an unskilled occupation 
      Manual labor
      Little or no authority
Examples:  Fast food wkr (white collar)
      Construction Laborer (blue collar)		  
8. Lower Class Families w/ no property & no authority
      Often unemployed
      Receive enough $$ to stay in a home ( family, welfare, social sec, disability, crime..)		  
9. Destitute Families w/ no property & no authority
      Often unemployed
      Do not receive enough $$ to stay in a home & so are homeless		  

 
Top
  
Table 5 - 3    The Convergence of Occupation, Bureaucratic & Property Divisions of 5 Class Categories
Kerbo0305
blank
Positions in Three Main Types of Institutional Structures
blank Class Categories Occupation Bureaucratic Authority Property Relation
1. Upper Class High High Owner
2. Corporate Class High High Nonowner
3. Middle Class High to Mid Level Mid Level Nonowner
4. Working Class Mid Level to Low Low Nonowner
5. Lower Class Low Low Nonowner

 
Top
  

Figure 9 - 3    The Labor Force Status of Poor People, 15 yrs. & over in 1989
Farley0209
In the Labor Force,
Part of the Year
44 % of Total		 The Labor Force is defined as everyone who works part or full time or who is looking for working.  All others are out of the Labor Force:  students, prisoners, mental patients, etc.  blank
blank Work part of the year
& out of labor force part of the year
13 %
blank Unemployed less than half of year
9 
blank Worked all year full time
9
blank Unemployed all year
5
blank Work all year part time
4
blank Unemployed more than half of year, but not all year
4
Out of the Labor Force,
All Year
55 % of Total		 blank blank
blank Keeping house:  half are female homes w/ children
Most of rest are non employed wives w/ children
  19 %
blank Ill or disabled
13
blank Retired
11
blank Attending School or College
10
blank Armed Forces
  5
blank All other
  2
An analysis of the Labor Force Status of Poor People, 15 yrs. & over in 1989 shows that 
- about half the poor people did not work in 1989, while half did work
- nearly two thirds were ill, disabled, retired or attending school, which are legitimate excuses
- about one fifth were keeping house & half of these were in female headed homes
- about 5 % were looking for work
Farley0209

 
 


TABLE ON THE POVERTY LINE
Top  

Table 3.7  A Comparison of the Official Poverty Line w/ the Median Income, 1960 - 2003
Year
Poverty Line
Median Income of 
a Family of Four
Poverty Line as a
% of Median Income
1960
$ 3,022 
$ 6,295 
   48 %
1970
3,968
11,167
36
1980
8,385
24,410
34
1987
11,600
 
NA
1988
12,000
 
NA
1991
13,924
 
NA
1993
14,763
 
NA
1992
 
44,392
 NA
1994
14,800
 
33
2002
 
42,409
 NA
2003
 
51,000
 NA
Table 3.7:  A Comparison of the Official Poverty Line w/ the Median Income, 1960 - 2003 demonstrates that the poverty line is was reduced in the 1970s to about 1/3 of median income

 
 
 


TABLES ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF POVERTY - INTRO


Top
Figure 9 - 1.1  Percent of Population Living in Poverty:    1959 - 2002
Year
Percentage at or below Poverty Line
as defined by the US Census
1959
    23 %
1960
22
1965
17
1970
13
1975
12
1980
17
1985
15
1990
12
1995
16
1997
14
2000
13
2001
11.7
2002
12.1
2003
13.1
2004
12.6
2005
12.6

       Link        Table 3.7  A Comparison of the Official Poverty Line w/ the Median Income, 1960 - 2003 is found above
 
 

Top
  
Table 9 - 1.3 Poverty Rates in Industrial Nations     1984 - 1987
Kerbo0309
 
Total Adults & Children
Children
US
   13 %
   20 %
Canada
7
9
Australia
7
9
UK
5
7
Fr
5
7
Netherlands
3
4
GDR
3
3
Sweden
4
4
Average
5.9
7.9
An analysis of  Table 9 - 1.3 Poverty Rates in Industrial Nations, shows that the overall US poverty rate is higher than any industrialized country & the child poverty rate is much higher than any other industrialized country 
PW
An analysis of  Table 9 - 1.3 Poverty Rates in Industrial Nations, shows that the overall US poverty rate is over twice (2.2 times) that of other industrialized nations & the child poverty rate is 2 1/2 times that of other industrialized nations
PW

 


TABLES ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF POVERTY - ADVANCED


Top  
Table 9 - 2:   Trends in the Rate of Poverty with three Definitions of Poverty:  1965 - 1997
Kerbo0409
blank
Pre transfer Income
Census Income
Adjusted Income
Year
Only private sector cash:
income, investments, etc.
Private sector cash,
plus Govt Transfer Pmts: 
e.g., Social Sec & Welfare
Private sector cash, Govt Transfer Pmts, plus
other in kind govt transfers:
e.g. Medicare
1965
     21.3 %
    17.3 %
   16.8 %
1970
18.8
12.6
-
1975
22.0
12.3
-
1980
21.9
13.0
10.4
1983
24.2
15.2
13.0
1990
20.5
13.5
11.0
1992
22.6
14.5
11.7
Table 9 - 2:   Trends in the Rate of Poverty with three Definitions of Poverty demonstrates that poverty rates are lower when one accounts for govt transfer pmts, i.e. Medicare, food stamps, etc.

 
Top  

Table on Proportion of People by Race Below Poverty Level in the U.S
Year
Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
1959
18.1
55.1
*
1970
9.9
33.5
*
1975
9.7
31.3
26.9
1980
10.2
32.5
25.7
1987
11.0
31.1
27.3
1989
10.0
30.7
26.2
1992
11.6
33.3
29.3
1997
11.0
26.5
27.1
2000
11.3
22.1
21.2
The Table on Proportion of People by Race Below Poverty Level demonstrates that in general, poverty rates are declining for all races, and that poverty rates for whites are half that of other races

 
Top  
Table 9 - 3  Extent of Poverty for Select Categories of the Population
Kerbo0409
 
Percentage of group at or below the poverty level
 
1992
1997
2000
Total US Population
    14.5 %
    13.3 %
11.3%
   Whites
11.6
11.0
7.5
   Blacks
33.3
26.5
22.1
   Hispanics
29.3
27.1
21.2
   Aged ( 65 + )
12.9
10.5
10.2
   Under 18
--
--
16.2
Female headed homes w/ children
48.3
31.6
24.7
    White
40.3
27.7
16.9
    Black
60.4
39.8
34.6
    Hispanics
58.5
47.6
34.2
Residence
 
 
    Inside Metropolitan areas
13.9
12.6
10.8
    In Central cities
20.5
18.8
16.1
    Outside central cities
9.7
9.0
7.8
    Outside metropolitan areas
16.8
15.9
13.4
    Rural
 --
-- 
--
Region
 
 
    Northeast
12.3
12.6
10.3
    Midwest
13.1
10.4
9.5
    South
16.9
14.6
12.5
    West
14.4
14.6
11.9
Table 9 - 3  Extent of Poverty for Select Categories of the Population demonstrates that poverty rates for non whites, female headed homes, central cities, & the South are significantly higher than that of the general population

 
Top  
Table  9 - 4:  The Comparative Impact of Welfare Benefits & Tax Policies on Reducing Poverty
Kerbo0409
Country
"Raw" Poverty Rate
( Before Welfare Payments )
Poverty Rate
After Welfare Payments
% Reduction
US
    27 %
   19 %
29 %
GDR
22
8
66
FR
22
8
65
Italy
18
7
65
UK
29
15
50
Canada
23
12
50
Australia
23
13
50
Belgium
28
6
81
Denmark
27
8
72
Netherlands
23
7
71
Spain
28
10
63
Sweden
34
7
80
Table  9 - 4:   The Comparative Impact of Welfare Benefits & Tax Policies on Reducing Poverty demonstrates that compared to other industrialized countries, the US has the highest poverty rate & the least amount of welfare support

 
Top  
Table  9 - 5:  Comparative Attitudes Toward Inequality & Govt Involvement in the Economy to Reduce Inequality
Question 
Hungary
Austria
  Italy 
W. Ger
 Switz.
Netherlands
  UK 
Australia
  US 
1. Govt should provide a guaranteed income
78 %
54
67
50
42
48
59
38
18
2. Govt should provide job for all who want one
90
77
82
74
48
74
58
40
44
3. Govt should send poor children to college
72
78
90
85
81
84
83
74
75
4. Govt should reduce the income gap
77
77
81
56
41
64
63
44
28
5. People have equal opportunity to get ahead
18
na
na
55
na
na
42
na
66
6. Upper limits should be placed on incomes
58
na
na
32
na
na
39
na
17
7. Hard work brings a better life
na
na
na
43
na
na
38
na
60
Table  9 - 5:  Comparative Attitudes Toward Inequality & Govt Involvement in the Economy to Reduce Inequality demonstrates that the US has the most unfavorable attitudes toward inequality, tending to blame the poor, & for govt involvement in reducing inequality

 
Top  
Table 9 - 6:  General Subject & Funding of Poverty Research in Major Sociology Journals:  1965 to 1975 and 1984 to 1994
Kerbo0409
Subject of Research Article
Total by Category
% of all Poverty Articles
Total by category receiving 
govt or foundation funding
% of total funding 
going to category
ccccccccccccc
1965-1975
1984-1994
1965-1975
1984-1994
1965-1975
1984-1994
1965-1975
1984-1994
1. Amount of poverty
1
4
2
19
0
1
0
8
2. Characteristics of the Poor
39
5
58
24
18
5
55
42
3. Political or economic causes of  poverty
7
4
10
19
2
1
6
8
4. Poverty Programs
19
5
28
23
13
5
39
42
5. General or Theoretical discussion
1
3
2
14
0
0
0
0
Totals
67
21
100
99
33
12
100
100
Table 9 - 6:  General Subject & Funding of Poverty Research in Major Sociology Journals demonstrates that the social sciences focus on poverty is high regardless of low govt funding for those studies

 
 


TABLE ON CROSS NATIONAL COMPARISONS OF POVERTY

      Link       Table 9 - 1.3    Poverty Rates in Industrial Nations 1984 - 1987     is found above
 
 
 


TABLES ON SOCIAL MOBILITY


Top  
Table 11-2.1  Outflow Mobility from Family Head's Broad Occupational Group 
to Son's Current Occupation Group, 1962 & 1973
Kerbo0409
An analysis of Outflow Mobility shows that occupational inheritance was quite similar in 1962 & 1973
Nonmanual occupation have the highest degree of occupational inheritance
Farm workers have the lowest rate of occupational inheritance
Kerbo0311
 
Son's current occupation
Head's Occupation
Upper nonmanual
Lower nonmanual
Upper Manual
Lower Manual
Farm
Total
1962 ( n = 10,550 )
Upper nonmanual
56.8
16.7
11.5
13.8
1.2
100
Lower nonmanual
43.1
23.7
14.6
17.0
1.7
100
Upper manual
24.7
17.0
28.3
28.8
1.2
100
Lower manual
17.9
14.8
21.9
43.4
1.9
100
Farm
10.3
12.3
19.3
35.9
22.2
100
Total
24.5
15.9
20.2
31.7
7.7
100
1973 ( n = 20,850 )
Upper nonmanual
59.4
11.4
12.8
15.5
0.9
100
Lower nonmanual
45.1
16.6
16.4
20.7
1.2
100
Upper manual
30.9
12.2
27.7
28.1
1.2
100
Lower nonmanual
22.9
12.1
23.9
40.1
1.0
100
Farm
16.4
9.0
22.9
37.1
14.5
100
Total
31.2
11.8
21.9
31.0
4.1
100

 
Top  
Table 11 - 2.2   Inflow Mobility from Family Head's Broad Occupational Group 
to Son's Current Occupation Group, 1962 & 1973
Kerbo0409
An analysis of Inflow Mobility shows that occupational recruitment was very similar in 1962 & 1973
Farm work has the highest rate of self recruitment
There is a higher rate of upward than downward mobility
Kerbo0311
 
Son's current occupation
Father's occupation
Upper nonmanual
Lower nonmanual
Upper manual
Lower manual
Farm
Total
1962 ( n = 10,550 )
Upper nonmanual
25.4
11.6
6.2
4.8
1.7
11.0
Lower nonmanual
23.1
19.6
9.5
7.0
2.9
13.1
Upper manual
19.0
20.2
26.3
17.1
2.9
18.8
Lower manual
20.1
25.6
29.7
37.6
6.8
27.4
Farm
12.5
23.0
28.3
33.6
85.7
29.7
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
1973 ( n = 20,850 )
Upper nonmanual
29.3
14.8
9.0
7.7
3.2
15.4
Lower nonmanual
16.7
16.2
8.6
7.7
3.3
11.5
Upper manual
20.2
21.0
25.8
18.5
5.8
20.4
Lower manual
21.8
30.5
32.6
38.5
7.0
29.7
Farm
12.1
17.5
24.0
27.5
80.7
22.9
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100

 
 


TABLES ON THE CAUSES OF POVERTY

            Link       The Pie Chart on the Work Status of Poor People in 2000  is found at the end of this webpage

            Link      Table  9 - 5:  Comparative Attitudes Toward Inequality & Govt Involvement in the Economy to Reduce Inequality is found above

            Link      Table 9 - 6:  General Subject & Funding of Poverty Research in Major Sociology Journals is found above
 
 
 
 
 


TABLE ON THE SITUATIONAL VIEW OF THE CAUSE OF POVERTY


Top  
Table on Merton's Analysis of Anomie
To avoid Anomie, Societally Sanctioned Goals must match Societally Institutionalized Means 
 
Acceptance of 
Sanctioned Goals
Acceptance of 
Institutionalized Means
Examples
Conformist
accepts
accepts
Norm & Norma Normal
Innovator
accepts
rejects
Entrepreneurs & Criminals
Ritualist
rejects
accepts
Bureaucratic personality
Retreatist
rejects
rejects
Drug User / Seller, Hermit
Rebel
rejects & substitutes
rejects & substitutes
Cult member, Hippie

 
 
 

TABLES ON UNEMPLOYMENT


 
Top
  
Table on a Summary of Historical Unemployment Rates
HS0205
  
  1950s   3 % Post war consumer boom  
  1960s   3 to 6.8 % Johnson's War on Poverty
VN War begins		  
  1970s   5 to 8.5%  unusual situation of "stagflation" VN War ends  
  1980s   almost reached 10 % Reagan recession
Tax cuts
Deficit spending
Military build-up		  
  1990s   drops from 10 to historic low:  4 % Welfare reform
Limited defense spending		  
  2000s   begins w/ historic low:  4 % Is the info econ immune to recession?  
  2003   reaches a high of 6.2% Term "Jobless Recovery" is coined  

 

            Link       The Pie Chart on the Work Status of Poor People in 2000  is found at the end of this webpage
 
 
 

Top
  

Table on Occupational Differences in Unemployment
HS0205
Year
1992
1998
Overall US Unemployment Rate
7.4 %
4.5 % 
Professionals & Managers
3.1
1.8
Clerical Workers
5.7
3.7
Craft Workers
8.8
4.2
Service Workers
8.1
6.7
Machine Operators & Laborers
11.0
6.7
Construction Laborers
22.9
14.2
The Table on Occupational Differences in Unemployment shows that Unemployment is distributed unequally across occupational groups
Census, 1993e

 
Top
  
Table 5.5  Changes in US Unemployment Rates
HS0205
Year
All Civilian Workers
Whites
Blacks
Hispanics
Unemployed over 17 Weeks
1948
3.8 %
3.5 %
--
--
0.5 %
1949
5.9
5.6
--
--
1.1
1950
5.3
4.9
--
--
1.3
1951
3.3
3.1
--
--
.5
1952
3.0
2.8
--
--
.4
1953
2.9
2.7
--
--
.3
1954
5.5
5.0
--
--
1.3
1955
4.4
3.9
--
--
1.1
1956
4.1
3.6
--
--
.8
1957
4.3
3.8
--
--
.8
1958
6.8
6.1
--
--
2.1
1959
5.5
4.8
--
--
1.5
1960
5.5
5.0
--
--
1.4
1961
6.7
6.0
--
--
2.2
1962
5.5
4.9
--
--
1.6
1963
5.7
5.0
--
--
1.5
1964
5.2
4.6
--
--
1.3
1965
4.5
4.1
--
--
1.0
1966
3.8
3.4
--
--
.7
1967
3.8
3.4
--
--
.6
1968
3.6
3.2
--
--
.5
1969
3.5
3.1
--
--
.5
1970
4.9
4.5
--
--
.8
1971
5.9
5.4
--
--
1.4
1972
5.6
5.1
10.4 %
--
1.3
1973
4.9
4.3
9.4
7.5 %
.9
1974
5.6
5.0
10.5
8.1
1.0
1975
8.5
7.8
14.8
12.2
2.7
1976
7.7
7.0
14.0
11.5
2.5
1977
7.1
6.2
14.0
10.1
2.0
1978
6.1
5.2
12.8
9.1
1.4
1979
5.8
5.1
12.3
8.3
1.2
1980
7.1
6.3
14.3
10.1
1.7
1981
7.6
6.7
15.6
10.4
2.1
1982
9.7
8.6
18.9
13.8
3.2
1983
9.6
8.4
19.5
13.7
3.8
1984
7.5
6.5
15.9
10.7
2.4
1985
7.2
6.2
15.1
10.5
2.0
1986
7.0
6.0
14.5
10.6
1.9
1987
6.2
5.3
13.0
8.8
1.7
1988
5.5
4.7
11.7
8.2
1.3
1989
5.3
4.5
11.4
8.0
1.1
1990
5.5
4.7
11.3
8.0
1.2
1991
6.7
6.0
12.4
9.9
1.9
1992
7.5
6.7
13.9
11.1
2.6
1993
6.9
6.2
12.8
10.2
--
1994
6.1
5.5
11.3
9.0
--
1995
5.6
4.9
10.4
9.3
--
1996
5.4
4.7
10.5
8.9
--
1997
4.9
4.2
10.0
7.7
--
1998
4.5
3.9
8.9
7.2
--
The Table 5.5 Changes in US Unemployment Rates demonstrates that unemployment is a chronic problem in the US & that different groups experience different rates of unemployment
US Dept. Labor, BLS, 1989b, Handbook of Labor Statistics.  Washington, DC:  US GPO, p. 64.  Also, Census, 1993e, Statistical Abstract of the US, 1993.  Washington, DC:  US GPO, p. 413

 
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Table on Unemployment in Europe
HS0205
Year
1992
1998
Overall US Unemployment Rate
    7.4 %
     4.5 %
Italy
6.9
12.3
UK
8.8
  
Netherlands
7.0
  
Norway
2.8
  
Sweden
2.6
  
France  
11.8
Germany  
7.5
The Table on Unemployment in Europe shows that unemployment is a chronic problem in many industrialized nations
Census, 1993e

 
 

 

TABLES ON WELFARE
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Chart 1:  The Allocation of Federal Entitlements, 1993
SP0403
NYTimes112094
Entitlement Program
Program Cost
( in billions )
% of Program Cost 
Going to Families 
Earning > $ 20 K
% of Beneficiaries in 
Families Earning > $ 20 K
Social Security Benefits
$ 302
58 %
50 %
Medicare benefits
143
52
47
Medicaid benefits
76
24
21
Deductions for interest paid (mostly mortgages)
49
99
93
Nontaxibility of employer health benefits
47
75
71
Federal Civilian retirement benefits
39
86
69
Deductions for other taxes paid (state and local)
36
99.7
91
Unemployment benefits
35
75
69
Military retirement benefits
26
99.5
99
Food stamps
25
14
14
Tax exemption of Social security benefits
24
70
na
Supplemental Security Income (poor elderly and disabled)
21
18
14
Deductions for contributions to charity
17
99.7
92
Veterans benefits
17
70
60
Welfare and family support
16
25
23
Farm price supports
16
74
na
Deductions for extreme medical costs
3
95
69
Earned income tax credit
1
15
31
Total / Average
892
An analysis of the Allocation of Federal Entitlements shows that most entitlements do not go to the poor  ( less than 13 % ) 118 / 892 = 13 %

 
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Table 9 - 7  Percent of Central Government Expenditures Spent on Housing, Social Security & Welfare 1987 - 1989
Kerbo0409
Country
Percentage
Sweden
56
Switzerland
51
Germany
49
Austria
48
Belgium
44
France
41
Netherlands
41
Norway
40
Italy
39
Denmark
38
Canada
37
Spain
37
Finland
37
United Kingdom
35
New Zealand
34
Ireland
30
Japan
30
Australia
29
United States
29
An analysis of the Percent of Central Government Expenditures Spent on Housing, Social Security & Welfare shows that 
- the US ranks last in % spent on housing, social security, & welfare
- US taxes are also the lowest
- the US ranks in the middle in the ratio of need & the % spent

 
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Table 9 - 8   Percent of Population Covered by Public Health Insurance, 1990
Kerbo0409
Country
Percentage
Australia
100
Canada
100
Denmark
100
Finland
100
Ireland
100
Italy
100
Japan
100
New Zealand
100
Netherlands
100
Norway
100
Sweden
100
United Kingdom
100
Austria
99
France
99
Switzerland
99
Spain
98
Belgium
98
Germany
92
United States
21
The Table on the Percent of Population Covered by Public Health Insurance in 1990 shows that the US has the lowest public insurance rate, & thus Medicare, Medicaid, & other public medical programs are limited in scope

 
 

TABLES ON THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON THE FUNCTIONALITY OF STRATIFICATION
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Table 6 - 4  Inequality & Productivity in Selected Industrial Countries in 2000
Far1006
Country
Inequality, 2000:
Ratio of Income of Top 10% to that of Bottom 20%
Productivity, 2000:
Per Capita Gross Nation Income
Average Growth:
Annual Growth in Gross Domestic Product, 1996, 1999, 2000
Japan
2.05 : 1
$34,210 
  2.4%
Sweden
2.09 : 1
26,780
3.0
Denmark
2.14 : 1
32,020
2.3
Belgium
2.16 : 1
24,630
2.4
Finland
2.16 : 1
24,900
4.6
Norway
2.25 : 1
33,650
3.0
Italy
2.51 : 1
20,010
1.8
Germany
2.89 : 1
25,050
1.8
Canada
3.17 : 1
21,150
3.6
Netherlands
3.44 : 1
25,140
3.7
France
3.49 : 1
23,670
2.4
Switzerland
3.65 : 1
38,120
1.5
UK
4.14 : 1
24,500
2.6
US
5.87 : 1
34,260
4.1
Red indicates the highest factor,  Green indicates the lowest factor
An analysis of Table 6 - 4 shows that there is no relationship btwn inequality & productivity demonstrating the dysfunctionality of high levels of stratification & inequality
Source:  From World Development Indicators by World Bank, 2000
 

 
 
 


TABLE ON THE CAUSES OF POVERTY
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Pie Chart on the Work Status of Poor People in 2000 
An Analysis of the Chart on the Work Status of Poor People in 2000 demonstrates that over 50%, a majority, of poor people worked or attended school for all or part of the year
Far1006

The End
 
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