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- Review Questions |
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Culture |
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In-class project: Identifying a Culture |
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Social structure |
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Cultural mapping |
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Human & Cultural Ecology |
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Political Ecology |
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Language |
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Return to UVaWise Webpage |
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| blank | Return to Dr. W's Webpage |
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| blank | Return to Dr. W's Courses Information Webpage |
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| blank | Return to Cultural Geography Syllabus |
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| blank | Return to the Cultural Geography Course Schedule & Review List |
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Review: Society is made up of social structures & culture |
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Culture defined as shared content of society ( K B V N
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& the physical & abstract manifestations of that content |
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Culture is the shared set of meanings that are lived through
material
& symbolic practices,
& the socially created objects of everyday life |
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Social sciences on culture & cultural mapping | ||
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1. Sociologists examine how cultures
are created & maintained in modern society
& how culture impacts social structures & personality |
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2. Anthropologists examine how cultures
are created & maintained in ancient
&/ indigenous societies |
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3. Geographers examine how place &
space shape culture & vice versa
& how culture is organized spatially |
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4. Psychologists examine how the subconscious is manifested in culture | ||
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5. Political Scientists examine how culture affects govt & the political process | ||
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There are TWO human manifestations of culture are material & non-material
culture
in TWO settings: the physical environment & the human environment |
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1. Material culture is manifested in material representations of KBVN | ||
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a. Material Culture & the Physical Environment | ||
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b. Material Culture & the Human Environment | ||
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1) World Symbols | ||
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2) National Symbols | ||
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3) Regional Symbols | ||
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4) Homes/ businesses | ||
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5) Cars, boats etc. | ||
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6) Clothing | ||
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7) Body | ||
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2. Nonmaterial culture is manifested in abstract representations of KVBN | ||
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a. Knowledge: shared truth based on science | ||
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b. Beliefs: shared truth based on tradition, religion, instinct, emotion, common sense | ||
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c. Values: Shared personal judgments/preferences about what
is considered good/bad,
like/dislike that serve as broad guidelines for social life |
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d. Norms: Shared expectations about behavior, i.e. social rules | ||
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Culture = K + B + V + N limited intersections | ||
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Non-Material Culture & the Physical Environment
What is the meaning of wind whispering in trees to your culture? |
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Non-Material Culture & the Human Environment
What is the meaning of a veiled face? of green hair? |
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Subculture: Culture held by subgroup or group sharing some common experience/lifestyle |
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Social structure is the organization of society
- Groups of Organizations that - perform basic functions of society - support society's culture - accepted as an essential element in society ( taken for granted ) |
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List of Social Structures ( PF REG M CEMR
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1. Peers 6. Military 2. Family 7. Charity 3. Religion 8. Education 4. Econ / work 9. Media 5. Govt 10. Recreation / leisure |
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Social Structures have FIVE components / qualities: | ||
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A. Social Groups | ||
| blank | B. Persistent Positions: Roles, Classes, Status's, & Power persist over history | ||
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C. Constant relationships among groups & Social Structures: | ||
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D. Each Social Structures receives a historically
constant share of resources
Which are the 3 richest SS's? Which are the 3 poorest SS's? |
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E. Social Structures each have a unique historical development |
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Cultural mapping is the process of recognizing the physical
organization of culture
The creation of a representation of the geographic qualities of culture |
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Cultural maps may be 0, 2 or 3 dimensional; That
is, they may be
an actual flat, 2 dimensional map Geographic Information system ( GIS ) [ a computer map ] physical model or a narrative description |
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Culture develops in isolation: If people are in different "locations,"
then unique cultural traits develop
Isolation ranges from planetary to national to regional to local to friendships |
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Many policies & social structures affect/create
cultural borders in relation to:
Openness, Sexuality, Race, Gender, etc. |
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Cultural areas | ||||
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1. Cultural nationalism is seen in the struggle/ conflict of
societies
to both retain & expand their own culture |
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Isolationism is the sealing off the economy, trade,
politics, culture, etc. from outside influences
Effort to protect regional & national cultures from the homogenizing impacts of globalization, especially US culture |
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Many countries legislate the flow of culture
US, SU, China, India, Bhutan, Japan Only countries who do not significantly import TV (Russia now does) US, Fr, UK: largest exporters of media |
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2. Carl Sauer defines a Cultural landscape as a place which
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the characteristic (routine) & tangible outcome of the complex interactions btwn a human group & a natural environment |
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Cultural land is a place significantly shaped by human culture | ||||
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Human's cultural practices are shaped by their
environment
And the environment is shaped by human cultural practices |
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Cultural Mappers believe that
Culture is the agent, nature is the medium, & the cultural landscape is the result |
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3. A Cultural Region is the area within which a particular cultural
system prevails
Areas w/ strong cultural identities: Examples in the US or the World? |
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Turf | ||||
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Home & yard | ||||
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Personal space | ||||
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Cultural body | ||||
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Gender based areas are areas that are populated disproportionally
by one gender
& bear cultural markings of that gender Examples? |
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The geographic isolation of oppressed women occurs frequently:
When the gender oppression that women experience is combined w/ oppression of lower class, we see the most destitute group of people: poor women |
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Sex workplaces:
Prostitution occurs in different geographic areas depending on the affluence of the John Urban Homosexuals frequently inhabit an enclave: i.e. clubs & a particular area of the city |
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Racial & ethnic groups have enclaves, zones, cities etc.
Historically have moved out of enclaves into middle class society What are the positives & negatives of these enclaves? |
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Ghetto: term used by Jews since the middle ages, to describe their enclave | ||||
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Class based places: Each class tends to live together
Where does each class live? |
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Global cultural change is rapidly homogenizing the world, i.e., making it similar | ||||
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Cultural Ecology examines the relationship of a cultural group
& its ( material & non-material ) environmental practices |
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Human Ecology examines the relationship of humans & the environment | ||||
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Cultural Ecology focuses on:
- how cultural practices affect adaptation to environment - interconnectedness of cultural practices & environment - material & non-material culture - food production as a cultural practice |
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Cultural Ecology focuses on small groups' adaptive strategies to a
particular place or setting,
not the large regional impacts |
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The conquest by Pizarro & other Spanish of the Incas
began in 1531
This eventually upset delicate balance Incas had w/ environment They had to return to pastoralism w/in 90 yrs. |
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Spanish sheep displaced native pack animals ( Llamas, etc. ) because
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oilier wool more edible meat more tallow & manure higher fertility rate & lower mortality rate could walk to market |
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Other European animals included cattle, ox, horses, donkeys, pigs, sheep, goats, rabbits, turkeys | ||||
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The only plants adopted by the Andeans were wheat & barley
because they complemented maize & potatoes |
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British conquest of India circa 1747 to 1947 | ||||
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The British established the East India Trading
Co. in the mid 1700s
along w/ forts, settlements, & an army |
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Tigers were hunted nearly to extinction | ||||
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People began production for the market rather than for consumption | ||||
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American Industrial Agriculture in Russia began in the 1980s | ||||
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Commune based small machinery & horse
production was replaced by
large machinery production |
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Crops became homogenized | ||||
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The improvement of the infrastructure, roads & power supply, affects the environment | ||||
| Invader Species: those plants, animals, insects, etc. that are intentionally or unintentionally transported by humans to a new ecological niche that displace & destroy native species | |||||
| In the US today, most species depletion is the result of Habitat
Destruction,
while invader species are the second leading cause |
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Political ecology examines human impact of political & economic forces on the environment | ||||
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Colonialism entails body of people leave native country to form,
in a new land, a settlement subject to or connected with the parent state Usually, but not always, establish political & economic domination |
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Economic development is the process of change involving the nature & composition of the economy of a region, assumed to increase the overall prosperity of a region | ||||
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Economic development usually has severe cultural & environmental impacts & requires the application of political & military force for its success | ||||
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Environmental impacts in the US include pollution, deforestation, & the homogenization of plant & animal life | ||||
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Militarism is often necessary to achieve colonialism & the early
stages of economic development,
but irregardless of its use, militarism often has severe impacts on the environment |
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Wars themselves decimate a region | ||||
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Production of weapons is environmentally dangerous | ||||
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Native people in St Vincent, in the Caribbean,
shifted local food production to bananas /export for cash production Thus people are vulnerable to starvation as a result of shifts in the banana market |
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Native people in Brazil,
shifted local food production to wood & cattle /export for cash production Thus people are vulnerable to starvation as a result of shifts in these markets Economic development created Brasilia & the Brazilian Highway, allowing deforestation to become a way of life |
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Native people in Brazil,
shifted local food production to coffee, marijuana, & coca /export for cash production Thus people are vulnerable to starvation as a result of shifts in these markets The militarism inherent in the marijuana & coca crops also affects people & the environment |
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Americans in the US South,
shifted local food production to cotton /export for cash production Thus people are vulnerable to starvation as a result of shifts in this market |
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Language is a form of the content of culture |
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Language: means of communicating
ideas or feelings
by a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or articulate vocal sounds |
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Language: a set of symbols, by which the people who share a common culture, communicate | ||
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Functions of Language
- same as the functions of subcultures - communication - sets boundaries; allows identification |
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Dysfunctions of Language
- same as the dysfunctions of subcultures - blocks communication - sets boundaries; allows identification |
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There are FIVE Types of Language ( forms ) | ||
| blank | Language Family: Collection of languages believed to be related in their prehistoric origin | ||
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Language Branch:
Collection of languages that possess a definite common origin
but have split into individual languages |
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Language Group:
Collection of several individual languages that are
part of a language branch, share a common origin, and have similar grammar & vocabulary |
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Dialect: a regional variation in standard languages that may convey status in a particular society | ||
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Jargon: Specialized language of subculture | ||
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Manifest Function: needed for operation of specialized field | ||
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Cultural hearths are the sources of THREE Families of Languages | ||
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Afro-Asiatic Family of Languages
1. Egyptian 2. Swahili |
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Mongolian Family
1. Chinese 2. Japanese 3. Korean 4. American Indian |
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Proto-Indo-European Hearth Family of Languages
1. Balto-Slavic 2. Germanic: West Germanic: Old English: Middle English,: English 3. Celtic 4. Italic: Latino-Falsican: Latin: Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, Provencial, French, Italian, Rumanian 5. Hellenic 6. Indo-Iranian 7. Anatolian: Asia minor: extinct 8. Tocharian: central Asia: extinct |
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Latin is an important root language to English & many Western languages,
especially the Romance Languages |
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The concept Linguistic Relativity denotes that language/words influences content of culture | ||
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Appeal of accents is not random; it is socially ordered | ||
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Language challenges the system | ||
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Language imperialism: Forcing a language on a people | ||
| blank | Number of languages: Today: 4,200 to 5,600 languages
spoken
Local languages make trade, govt, etc. difficult Overall trend: loss of language: movement toward mass culture |
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Music | ||
| blank | Semiotics: study of "signs" including language & cultural images | ||
| blank | Linguistics: study of speech & language | ||
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Otto Jespersen developed FIVE Theories on the origin of language | ||
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1. Environment theory: 1st words from people's reaction to the human & physical environment | ||
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2. Nature theory: mimic natural sounds | ||
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3. Work / cooperation theory: needed language for hunting & gathering | ||
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4. Expression theory: expressions are accompanied by sounds | ||
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5. Ritual / celebration theory: 1st words associated w/ love.... | ||
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Lost & dead languages: many endangered languages |
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Review Questions
for CG 5 Cultural Mapping
1. _____________ examine how cultures are created & maintained in modern society 2. _____________ examine how the subconscious is manifested in culture 3. ___________________ are shared truth based on tradition, religion, instinct, emotion, common sense 4. Social structure is the organization of society, including
Groups of Organizations
5. _____________________ is the creation of a representation of the geographic qualities of culture 6. Cultural _______________________ is seen in the
struggle/ conflict of societies
7. A Cultural landscape as a place which is the _______________________
& tangible outcome
8. A _______________________ is the area within which a particular cultural system prevails 9. _______________________ Homosexuals frequently inhabit an enclave 10. _____________________ examines the relationship
of a cultural group
11. Spanish Sheep displaced native pack animals in So. Am. because of ___________________________ 12. _______________________ are those plants, animals, insects,
etc. that are intentionally or unintentionally
13. ____________________ examines human impact of political & economic forces on the environment 14. A Language _____________________ is a collection of languages believed to be related in their prehistoric origin 15. List one Branch from the Afro-Asiatic Family of Languages: _______________________ 16. English is from the _______________________ Language
Family & the _________________ Branch
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