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Review Questions |
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Nature |
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Society |
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Technology |
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The Human Conception of Nature |
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The Human Impact on Nature |
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Environmental Solutions: Conservation, Recycling, & Source Reduction |
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In-class project: Your energy consumption |
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In-class project: Your philosophy of Nature |
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In-class project: Your impact on nature |
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Nature is the physical universe & the forces that change it | ||||
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Nature has physical aspects | ||||
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Nature has social aspects | ||||
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There are TWO types of human relationships w/ nature | ||||
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1. Our "natural" relationship: We are part
of nature because we are just another Species
"Good" caretaker "Bad" utilizer |
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2. Our reciprocal relationship: We relate
in a reciprocal way to our environment:
It acts on & changes us and we act on & change it |
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In-class project: Your philosophy of Nature |
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Society is a Group, w/ Identity, w/ shared authority, w/ common area, in an environment | ||||
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Society is the People & sum of inventions, instit's, relationships, created & reproduced by humans | ||||
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Society has SEVEN Qualities ( GIAGECS ) | ||||
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Society is made of Groups | ||||
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Society has a distinct Identity | ||||
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Society has shared Authority | ||||
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Society has a common Geographic area | ||||
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Society is in / shaped by a Physical Environment | ||||
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Society has Culture ( content ) |
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Society has Social Structure ( form ) |
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Modern Society:
- relatively self contained - aware of identity - common geographic area - shared authority |
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Non-modern Society is essentially the same as modern society
except it is smaller, more ethnocentric, & has traditional authority |
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Abstractions | ||||
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Technology includes the mechanical, industrial or applied
sciences & their instruments,
including their methods & procedures |
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Technology & the Environment | ||||
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I = PATE Humans' Impact
on the environment is a function of a Population,
their Affluence/wealth, Technology & Environmental values |
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Technological systems are specialized: info, transportation, mfr, agriculture, etc. | ||||
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The Core Countries technologies uses
the most energy:
The Industrialized world has 25 % of the population & uses 90 % of the resources The US has world has has 5 % of the population & uses 25 % of the resources China has world has has 25 % of the population & uses 6 % of the resources |
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Technology now changes the global environment:
harvesting resources, waste in mfr, waste in consumption ( waste includes pollution ) |
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How does the coal commodity chain affect the environment? | ||||
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Key natural resources are shaped by technology: cultivable land, energy, minerals, water, labor | ||||
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Natural resources & technology do not guarantee wealth | ||||
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1. Hunter-Gatherer ( circa 1.5 mm BC
to 10 K BC )
Hunter-Gatherer had Matriarchal gender relationships & views nature itself as god/gods Diverse views on god & nature Nature is to be respected/feared Nature is source of all life People see themselves in nature |
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Animism: doctrine of soul/spiritual
body existing in material universe
Animate & inanimate objects have a spirit Nature cannot be separated from supernatural Human are extensions of this spirit Humans cannot be separated from nature Sense of kinship btwn humans & nature First god thought to be the female moon (told of coming of seasons, cycle of months), then the male sun (as significance of agriculture grew), then earth (trees, streams, rivers, plants, mountains, etc. all became endowed w/ god-hood) Gaea: earth Ra: sun |
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Paganism: Worship of a
pantheon of personified gods
Personification of animistic powers Ancient "hearth" societies (Egypt, Greek, Rome, etc) were pagan Some traditional societies are still paganistic, poly-theistic today |
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The Gods had human qualitiess | ||||
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The Environmental Effects of animism & paganism were good & bad | ||||
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2. Pre-Empire ( 10 K BC
to 3 K BC )
Agriculture develops: supplants H & G as major means of subsistence Patriarchy supplants matriarchy First surplus of products Idea that nature is to be conquered emerged in Western Culture 1st separation of people from nature Belief that some people/societies are inferior Idea of progress |
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Animism & polytheism continues: Early Egypt, Greece, Syria, China, India | ||||
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Early Mono-theism develops ( esp Judaism ) | ||||
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Judeo-Christianity & nature:
Greeks & Western civilizaiton 1st viewed people as separate from nature God is above nature, separate from it Nature was created by God People were created by God in his image Humans are also above nature, separate from it, & charged w/ ruling over nature |
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3. Early Emp Era & Roman Era ( 3 K BC to 500 AD ) | ||||
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Taoism on nature:
One of 3 religions of China (Confucianism & Buddhism)
Founded on doctrines of Lao-tsze (b. 604 BC) Value nature for its own sake We are not separate from it We are not above it |
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Buddhism: Buddha:
aka "The Enlightened One" Siddhartha Gautama
India, 6th C BC Life is an evil/illusion Nirvana is end to reincarnation Buddhism on nature: Everything is connected: mutual interdependence Harm / exploit nature & we harm / exploit ourselves We have a higher level of consciousness than nature It is therefore our responsibility to care for Nature |
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4. The Roman Era circa 200 BC to 500 AD | ||||
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Christianity emerges & becomes a world religion: Little change in relationship w/ nature | ||||
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5. Middle Ages circa 500 to 1300 | ||||
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Islam emerges circa 800 & becomes
a world religion
Koran is written circa 800 Little change in relationship w/ nature aka "Submission to the will of God" Religious system of Mohammed (570-632 AD) |
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Islam on Nature
Close to JC view Allah created Heaven & Earth to serve humanity: humans are sovereign Abuse of Earth is opposed: show stewardship & respect, but as in Christianity, this dictum is interpreted in many ways |
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6. Early Industrial Era aka Colonial Period (
1300 - 1700 )
Manifest Destiny: doctrine that Humans should explore & conquer nature Duty of humanity to domesticate both nature & “savages” Religion used as justification for imperialism against both people & nature |
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| blank | 7. Industrial Era: Progressive reforms & conservationism circa 1700 - present | ||||
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a. Early environmentalism: Manifest
destiny philosophy loses ground:
First movement of what we might recognize as environmentalism Sports/Outdoors magazines 1st brought public attention to the environment Urban population growth Women became key actors in cleaning up the urban environment Women were also social force in race & gender relations |
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1866 German scientist & philospher Ernst Haeckel coins term ecology, it became a discipline | ||||
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George Catlin first proposed idea of national parks in 1832 | ||||
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Henry David Thoreau
( 1817
- 1862 )
Walden: written about 2 yrs spent in solitude on Walden Pond Credited as originator of American ecological philosophy The natural world is an antidote to negative effects of modern life on our character Romanticism: reaction to materialist, empiricist views |
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Frederick Law Olmstead: father of Central Park | ||||
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First Arbor Day on April 10, 1872 | ||||
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Sierra Club founded by John Muir in 1892 | ||||
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Theodore Roosevelt empowers
the USFS, creates many National Forests:
most of these were lands already decimated by development or thought to be too low quality or remote to be developed |
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b. Progressive Reforms & Conservationism
( 1900 - 1945 )
1st national park Yellowstone: 1905 |
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Conservation:
a doctrine of planned and efficient progress/use of the environment
Splits into preservationists and conservationists |
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Preservationism:
a doctring advocation keeping areas preserved from human influence
of all types: no use/development |
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John Muir: Preservationist: Advocates saving Yosemite, eventually become Nat. Park | ||||
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Gifford Pinchot:
Conservationist:
Convinced Roosevelt to establish National Forest System which became the USFS 1898: first FS chief: friend of Teddy Roosevelt |
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The Public
Lands Question: Should there be public land or should all land
be privatized?
This question still very alive today |
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| blank | 8. Global Capitalism 1910 - present | ||||
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a. During the Age of Recreation &
Ecology, Post - WW
2 to 1969,
the public recognition of major environmental issues began: air & water pollution, and the population explosion |
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Major US Environmental Legislation: EPA of 1969 under Nixon |
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b. Earth Days & the
"Environmental Movement" created a counter-response:
the organization of Industrial & Commercial Interests as a "check & balance" |
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9. Post Industrial Era 1970 - present | ||||
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a. Reagan - Bush era: The Reagan Mandate resulted in cutting governmental regulations | ||||
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b. Global Awareness & New Democrats:
Clinton could do much about environmental issues
because of a Republican Congress |
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c. New Republicans: Bush, Jr. cannot
do much about environmental issues
because of Democratic Senate ( 1 vote ! ) |
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American public opinion on the environment swings widely | ||||
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I = PATE Humans' Impact
on the environment is a function of a Population,
their Affluence/wealth, Technology & Environmental values |
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1. Hunter-Gatherer circa 1.5 mm BC - 10 K BC | ||||
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a. Paleolithic people's impact on nature was
significant
Early Humans biggest & first technological impact on environment was fire 11,000 bp: Over 2/3s of NA megafauna disappeared: Probably hunted out mastodon, mammoth, cave bear, woolly rhino, giant deer |
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b. Neolithic peoples impact continues:
Tech changes that impact the environment include
the first Domestication of Animals & the Beginning of Farming: 1st agricultural revolution Both these result in desertification |
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2. Pre-Empire Era circa 10 K BC - 3 K BC | ||||
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Early settlements ( hearth
societies ) increased human's impact on nature because of
increased population, affluence & technology related to urbanization & the spread of "civilization" i.e. agriculture |
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A Surplus product became possible | ||||
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The primary new technology was irrigation:
Early irrigation empires experienced salanazation of the ground |
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Deforestation & land depletion begins in hearth areas | ||||
| blank | 3. Early Empire Era circa 3 K BC - 200 BC | ||||
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Increased Population, Affluence, & Technology | ||||
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Big quantitative change in environmental impact | ||||
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Little qualitative change in environmental impact: incremental | ||||
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4. The Roman Era circa 200 BC - 500 AD | ||||
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Increased Population, Affluence, & Technology | ||||
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Big quantitative change in environmental impact | ||||
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Little qualitative change in environmental impact: incremental | ||||
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Many regions experience deforestation & depletion of farmland | ||||
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5. Middle Ages
circa 500 - 1300
Early Middle Ages: Population, Affluence & Technology decreased in Europe & so environmental impact does not grow that much |
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However, around the yr. 1000, population,
technology, & affluence all take a big leap
Europeans' early impact on nature increases greatly at end of Middle Ages |
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Mideast ( Islam ) continues growth & environmental impact | ||||
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6. Early Industrial Era aka Colonial Period circa 1300 - 1700 | ||||
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Disease & colonization: Virgin soil epidemics: especially via Colombian Exchange | ||||
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Plant & animal invasions | ||||
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7. Industrial Era circa 1700 - present | ||||
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Quantum leap in industrial population,
affluence & technology increased environmental impact
& Environmental values emerge |
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8. Global Capitalism circa 1910 - present | ||||
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Modern energy use skyrockets
The Core Countries technologies uses the most energy: The Industrialized world has 25 % of the population & uses 90 % of the resources The US has world has has 5 % of the population & uses 25 % of the resources China has world has has 25 % of the population & uses 6 % of the resources |
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Proportion of types of energy use: US energy use: 35 % oil, 24 % coal | ||||
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What are Costs & benefits of energy production? | ||||
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Land use change: how do we use lands differently today? | ||||
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There are FIVE types of Land Conversion:
Urbanization, Desertification, Deforestation, Wetland loss, Degradation |
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Global change: many fear global changes: parakeet in the coal mine syndrome | ||||
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As semi-periphery & periphery grow ( industrialize
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their environmental quality rapidly decreased Thus, major conflict over environment btwn "North & South" |
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9. Post Industrial Era 1970 - present | ||||
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Core countries begin transition to service / hi-tech industry | ||||
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Begin to see improvement in environmental quality in core countries | ||||
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Two aspects of environmental solutions |
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I. Reduction of environmental Physical Problems may be accomplished via FOUR stages | ||||
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A. Prioritization & interrelation of environmental problems | ||||
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B. Apply the Science to reduce environmental problems; the Science is generally available | ||||
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C. Make both Cost & the Benefits of reducing
environmental problems apparent:
they are linked to economic multiplier effect & economic incidence |
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D. Key: Offer actual alternatives | ||||
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II. Achievement of Social Change | ||||
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A. Involvement of participants | ||||
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1. Involvement of environmental movement | ||||
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2. Involvement of industrialists | ||||
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3. Involvement of recreationalists | ||||
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4. Involvement of general public | ||||
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5. Involvement of government | ||||
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B. Institutionalization of Social Change | ||||
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1. Education
of the general public on environmental issues via media, schools, etc.
is generally considered to be one of the most effective ways to achieve social change |
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Emotionality: Many people find personal fulfillment & reward
in the environment
& thus solutions must take this into account: They offer a high level of energy & a clear vision |
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2. Environmentalists help others prioritize | ||||
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3. Industrialists offer market solutions & respond responsibly to voluntary & govt mandates | ||||
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4. Recreationalists offer market solutions & respond responsibly to voluntary & govt mandates | ||||
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5. Govt encourages voluntary change & implements laws where necessary | ||||
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a. New laws | ||||
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b. New regulations | ||||
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c. Reform of agencies | ||||
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6. Legal
suits have been very important in changing environmental policy
by both upholding & creating law |
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TopReview
Question of CG 4: Nature,
Society & Technology
1. Nature has _________________ aspects & _________________ aspects 2. __________________ is a Group, w/ Identity, w/ shared authority, w/ common area, in an environment 3. List three of Society's qualities a. __________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ 4. _____________________ includes the mechanical,
industrial or applied sciences & their instruments,
5. Give an example of specialized Technological Systems: _____________________________ 6. List two ways the coal commodity chain affects the environment
7. ______________ is the doctrine of the soul/spiritual body existing in material universe 8. ____________________ is the worship of a pantheon of personified gods 9. _______________________ is the doctrine that Humans should explore & conquer nature 10. __________________ a doctrine of planned and efficient progress/use of the environment 11. The __________________ Question asks whether all land should be privatized 12. Clinton could do much about environmental issues because of a _____________________ 13. Humans' Impact on the environment is a function of a _____________________,
14. During the Neolithic Period, Technological changes that impact
the environment include
15. During the Early Empire Era there was a ____________
quantitative change in environmental impact
16. During the Industrial Era their is a quantum leap in environmental
impact
17. Name three types of Land Conversion a. _________________ b. _________________ c. ________________ 18. As semi-periphery & periphery grow, their environmental quality rapidly _________________ 19. List the two aspects of environmental solutions a. _____________________ b. _____________________ 20. ________________________ of the general public
on environmental issues
21. ________________________ have been very imprint in changing
environmental policy
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