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The Global Village |
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Immanuel Wallerstein |
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World Systems Theory |
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Historic Overview |
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The Pre-Empire Era 10,000 BC - 3,000 BC |
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The Era of the Early Empires 3,000 BC - 200 BC |
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The Early Industrial Age 1300 - 1700 |
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The Industrial Age 1700 - present |
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The International Division of Labor |
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In what sense are we in a Global Village? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Now, in what sense are we, or aren't we a global village for each of
the following social structures?
That is, do we have a global social structure?
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In what sense do we have a global culture? ( Culture
is the sum our our shared KBVN )
Knowledge: Beliefs: Values : Norms: |
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The Global Village's qualities today
- Live TV/media from around the world - Global economic network - Global western culture - Many nations becoming melting pots Mal-Globalization qualities today - many isolated spots w/o water, electricity, communications - individual cultures anathema to western culture? Can we have individual cultures & global culture too? - ethnic cleansing |
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Wallerstein's World-Systems Theory ( WST ) is a body of knowledge 1st
developed in the 70's
It is highly controversial. The uniqueness of WST is the assumption that social change can only be understood at the level of the world-system |
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- Introduction: World-Systems theory ( WST ) was established by Wallerstein in the 1970s |
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World-Systems Theory: the world is made up of
Interdependent systems of countries linked by political & economic competition |
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Each World-System has THREE Qualities:
a. Broad economic entity w/ a world-level division of labor b. Self-contained social system w/ set boundaries & life span c. Systems held together by forces in tension, not consensus |
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The world is best understood by dividing the world into THREE major sectors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1. The Core: major industrialized countries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2. The Semi-periphery: developing countries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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3. The Periphery: 3rd world; undeveloped countries | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Historically, the location of core has changed
as states compete for dominance
Thus, there have been different types of core states that have dominated in different stages of world development |
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There are FOUR Types of World-Systems | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1. Empire: based on political / military domination | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2. Modern Capitalism:
based on economic domination
- more stable - broader base - encompasses many independent states - bulit-in process of economic stability Modern capitalism began development in late 1400s |
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3. Global Capitalism:
based on globalization of economic domination
Some facets of G-Cap developed w/ capitalism in the1400's but has come to dominate world events since the early 1900's |
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4. Socialist World Government: future possibility | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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There are FIVE Historical Processes that span Types & Stages of World-Systems | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1. Geographic expansion | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2. Division of labor
Typical definition: Subdivision of tasks Wallerstein included: Div into types of labor |
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2.1 Types of labor: free, forced, sharecropping | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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3. Urbanization | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4. Domination by the core | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Colonialism:
domination by the Core of the Semi-Periphery & the Periphery
through political/military power |
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Imperialism:
domination by the Core of the Semi-Periphery & the Periphery
through economic power |
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Hegemony:
domination by the Core of the Semi-Periphery & the Periphery
through a combination of economic, military, financial, & especially cultural means |
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5. Cycles of leadership
Competitive struggle --> economic power --> political power --> military power --> expansion/hegemony --> imperial overreach --> decline/defeat --> begin again w/ competitive struggle --> |
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WST holds that the world system is held together by forces in tension, not consensus |
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WST sees the world in historical & developmental terms
Historically the world developed through these stages as such
Starting w/ Ancient ag soc, hearth areas developed which were early core areas By the time of the early-empire era, there is full development of core, semi-periphery & periphery We look at specifics of these stages later |
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During the Pre-Empire Era inequality/stratification
begins
as humanity develops the capacity to produce a surplus |
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The transition from H-G Society to Pre-Empire "civilization"
is characterized by
the scattered development of agriculture of the late H-G Era to where Pre-empire society had widespread agriculture P-E society was based on agriculture |
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Mini-systems develop w/ FIVE Common Traits
w/ a single cultural base w/ a single social economy which are essentially self-sufficient w/ much trade w/in their system & even some trade outside their system, i.e. w/ neighboring mini-systems |
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Hearth Areas are settings where new practices develop, & then spread to other areas: |
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Agriculture in the Pre-Empire Era was based on widespread domestication of plants & animals |
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Agriculture has gone through many "revolutions" or major stages |
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The First Agricultural Revolution occurs as societies domesticate plants & animals |
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During the Pre-Empire Era, the "exploitation of man by man" first developed |
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The replacement of a hunting
& gathering form of economy
w/ an agricultural economy resulted in people being able to produce surpluses In H-G society, no surplus was produced Therefore no one could exploit another by taking their surplus |
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The fact that a person could
produce more than they could consume
allowed others to "exploit" them, i.e. take their surplus or "enslave" them, i.e. make them create a surplus for another |
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People gain wealth by creating it themselves or taking it from another |
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Thus as humanities ability
to create a surplus appeared,
so too did the ability to exploit, enslave, etc. another, heralding the end of relative equality in human relations |
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But the social relationships surrounding any form of exploitation are different in each era |
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The Early-Empires economies were based on FIVE factors
- agriculture - conquest - minimal, hand manufacturing sector - some trade - some service sector: banking, law, education, etc. |
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This era's economic systems were a mixture of state capitalism
& command economies
which was called the Asiatic System by Marx & Weber |
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Demonstrations of power/inequality |
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City-states grew & groups of mini-systems absorbed into
common political system
while retaining fundamental cultural differences (salad bowel integration) |
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Political Systems in this era mostly authoritarian or totalitarian |
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Hydraulic Societies: dependency on irrigation & drainage systems, esp. Egypt, China |
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Religion: transitioning from animism to polytheism; minimal monotheism |
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Some characteristics of the ancient world |
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Leadership cycles: This cycle 1st developed during early-empire
era
& to a great extent still exists today Empires rose & fell in rapid succession |
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Urbanization was part of Empire Building |
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Uruk was the 1st city: 20,000 people in 3500 BC in Mesopotamia |
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Organized military developed: War was made profitable |
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Egypt: hydraulic society: central control of irrigation allowed a small elite lived above subsistence |
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The Caste System developed in Indian religions & later in Japan about 1500 BC |
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The caste system began w/ 3 divisions, Hindus have over 2300 today |
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Despite
the attempts of Gandhi and subsequent leaders to abolish
the caste system,
( 1947 ) discrimination on the basis of caste persists. |
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The nature of race & slavery did not change its nature in
the Early Empire Era,
but it use of it did grow dramatically as did war, empire building, the conquest of other peoples |
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Patriarchy began in the Pre-Empire Era but developed
fully into a social system in this era
Discriminatory gender relations did not exist until the time of the Early Empires. Thus 99% + of human history has been egalitarian |
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- Introduction:
During the Early Industrial Age (1300 - 1700 ) saw the beginning
of the rise
of the Middle Class |
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During the previous era, the Middle Ages ( 500 to 1300 ), the fall
of feudalism saw
the rise of merchant capitalism & the birth of modernism |
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A new stratification system rapidly emerged:
Serfs underwent the Enclosure which created a class of Freemen who eventually became Workers This was a long, bloody process |
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W/ the rise of Merchant Capitalism, the Merchant Class was added to the Elites & the Serfs | ||
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The development of the Putting-Out System was the earliest form
of wage labor
& was the proto-factory system Get paid on how many items you put-out This competition was very hard on artisans |
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Guilds resisted the putting-out system & the destruction of the Craft System | ||
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From 1600 to 1750 ( the end of Early Industrial Age ) we see
the development of the Core States of the Modern World system |
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The economies of developing Core Regions experienced a rapid building of the industrial sector | ||
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The major factor influencing the development of the Periphery was the Core's need for labor & resources | ||
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The changes in the Early Industrial Age created a Class Society
that we would recognize today
There was a shift from an agriculturally based economy to an industrially based economy |
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- Introduction:
During the Industrial Age, in the Core Countries the economic base
became totally industrialized, while agriculture & other economic systems waned |
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The previous era, the Early Industrial Age, ( circa 1300 - 1700 ) saw the birth of capitalism |
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Chart on the Characteristics of Stratification System of the Industrial Age |
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Class Society emerged w/ the industrial revolution as the agricultural
base transformed
into an industrial base & became fully developed in the Industrial Age, i.e. many classes exist |
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3 historical events impacts on development of World System
1. Industrial Revolution 2. The French Revolution 3. Independence of European colonies Uneven development continued: England advanced & became dominate core country |
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The class system develops fully in the industrial era into multiple
classes: UC, MC, LC
The middle class is now a political force in conflict w/ the UC See Also Class |
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Industrial waves: Europe |
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Continuing development of industrial waves |
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US made rapid development to core status because of social, political, & geographic factors: | |||||||||||
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Industrial Waves: Japan
1868 rev place Meji in power: modernization WW1, The Great War, allowed Japan to grab mkt. share in textiles, ships in Asia & Latin Am & thus become a core power |
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The development of ocean shipping (esp. metal hulls) advanced international trade & labor division |
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Automotion created a revolution in transportation & agriculture |
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Pax Britainia: "The sun never sets on the British Empire." |
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The final quarter of 19th Century saw a 2nd wave of imperialism:
competition over control of Africa & other corners of the world: SE Asia |
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Berlin Conference
1885-6:
established “rules” for European powers over colonization: 1. Must give a notice of intent to colonize 2. Occupation = sovereignty 3. Disputes settle by arbitration |
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The periphery in the industrial age retains the same characteristics
even though everything else has changed |
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Colonies specialized when
- there was demand in core - the colony had a comparative advantage - the colony did not compete directly w/ a core country |
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Bismarck of Germany: "Sporting Wars"
1870 - 1900 European powers added
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Gender Relations in the Industrial Age are see women gain equality |
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International division of labor has always existed,
but evolved rapidly on EIGHT fronts since the late 1950's |
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1. US has declined as an industrial, economic, & political power relative to rest of core. Why? |
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2. International division of labor has proceeded via deindustrialization |
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3. Producer services arise & displace manufacturing |
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4. Technology makes the world smaller |
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5. Globalization of consumer markets: international global
consumer tastes
US mkt. is now accustomed to foreign goods (after 20+ yr.), rest of world is moving that way |
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6. Trade blocks evolve: EU NAFTA ASEAN |
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7. Supra-national corporation |
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8. Other global organizations: IMF WTO UN World Bank GATT |
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Critique of the international division of labor by core
For workers there is competition w/ low wage workers for the economy there are many "technical problems" For the consumer there are product problems |
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Critique international division of labor by non-core
For workers there is often exploitation by multi-national corporations At the national level there is pollution economic imperialism At the individual level, there is a loss of local products, & people cannot afford the products they produce |
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Cultural Geography
Review Questions:
Chapter
1. List two different social structures & then one example
for each that demonstrates how we are a global village
2. List two different aspects of culture & then one
example for each that demonstrates how we are a global village
3. List two examples of the positive qualities of the Global Village
& two examples of Mal-Globalization
4. List two of the qualities of each World-System
5. For Wallerstein, the world is best understood by dividing the world
into THREE major sectors.
6. For Wallerstein, there are four Types of World-Systems.
List them & give an example.
7. List three Historical Processes that span Wallerstein's Types &
Stages of World-Systems
8. List Wallerstein's three types of domination by the core
9. Briefly list the stages in a Cycle of Leadership:
10. Pre-Empire society was based on ________________________ 11. List three of the Common Traits of mini-systems
12. _________________________ are settings where new practices develop, & then spread to other areas 13. The First Agricultural Revolution occurs as societies _________________________ plants & animals 14. List three of the factors on which the Early-Empire Economies were
based.
15. City-states grew & groups of mini-systems absorbed into common
political system while retaining
16. Political Systems in this era were mostly ___________________________________ 17. ___________________________________ have a dependency on irrigation & drainage systems 18. During the Era of the Early Empires, religion was transitioning
from ______________________ to
19. ______________________ is commonly believed to be the 1st city 20. The fall ______________________ of saw the rise
of ______________________ capitalism
21. ______________________ underwent the Enclosure which
created a class of ______________________
22. The development of the ______________________ System was the
earliest form of ______________________
23. At the end of Early Industrial Age we see the development
of the ______________________ States
24. During the Early Industrial Age, the major factor influencing the
development of the ______________________
25. List two historical events that impacted the development of
World System during the Early Industrial Age
26. Give four examples of technological development that were the basis
of the Industrial Waves from 1790- present
27. List the principles of the Berlin Conference
28. The International Division of Labor has always existed,
29. Give one critique of the international division of labor by
the core
30. Give one critique of the international division of labor by
the periphery
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