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REVIEW:  Cultural Geography:  Chapter 2: Changing Global Context
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The Global Village
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Immanuel Wallerstein
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World Systems Theory
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Historic Overview
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             The Pre-Empire Era                           10,000 BC - 3,000 BC
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             The Era of the Early Empires               3,000 BC - 200 BC
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             The Early Industrial Age                    1300 - 1700
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             The Industrial Age                            1700 - present
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The International Division of Labor
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Outline on the  Global Village
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In what sense are we in a Global Village?   
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Now, in what sense are we, or aren't we a global village for each of the following social structures? 
That is, do we have a global social structure? 
Social Structures
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Peers
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Govt
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Family
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Media
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Religion
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Charity
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Leisure/Rec
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Work/Econ
 
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In what sense do we have a global culture?   ( Culture is the sum our our shared KBVN )
    Knowledge:
    Beliefs:
    Values :
    Norms:
 
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The Global Village's qualities today
       - Live TV/media from around the world
       - Global economic network
       - Global western culture
       - Many nations becoming melting pots
Mal-Globalization qualities today
       - many isolated spots w/o water, electricity, communications
       - individual cultures anathema to western culture? 
         Can we have individual cultures & global culture too?
       - ethnic cleansing
 
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Outline on   Immanuel Wallerstein
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Wallerstein's World-Systems Theory ( WST ) is a body of knowledge 1st developed in the 70's 
 It is highly controversial. 
The uniqueness of WST is the assumption that 
    social change can only be understood 
    at the level of the world-system
 
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Topics on Immanuel Wallerstein's   World-Systems Theory
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         -  Introduction:  World-Systems theory ( WST ) was established by Wallerstein in the 1970s
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World-Systems Theory: the world is made up of 
    Interdependent systems of countries linked by political & economic competition
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Each World-System has THREE Qualities: 
      a.  Broad economic entity w/ a world-level division of labor
      b.  Self-contained social system w/ set boundaries & life span
      c.  Systems held together by forces in tension, not consensus
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The world is best understood by dividing the world into THREE major sectors
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     1.  The Core:  major industrialized countries
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     2.  The Semi-periphery:  developing countries
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     3.  The Periphery:  3rd world; undeveloped countries
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     Historically, the location of core has changed as states compete for dominance
     Thus, there have been different types of core states that have dominated 
           in different stages of world development 
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There are FOUR Types of World-Systems
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      1.  Empire:  based on political / military domination
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      2.  Modern Capitalism:  based on economic domination
          - more stable
          - broader base
          - encompasses many independent states
          - bulit-in process of economic stability
        Modern capitalism began development in late 1400s 
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      3.  Global Capitalism:  based on globalization of economic domination
           Some facets of G-Cap developed w/ capitalism in the1400's
           but has come to dominate world events since the early 1900's
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      4.  Socialist World Government:  future possibility
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There are FIVE Historical Processes that span Types & Stages of World-Systems
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     1.  Geographic expansion
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     2.  Division of labor
          Typical definition: Subdivision of tasks
          Wallerstein included:     Div into types of labor
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           2.1 Types of labor:  free, forced, sharecropping
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     3.  Urbanization
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     4.  Domination by the core
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          Colonialism:  domination by the Core of the Semi-Periphery & the Periphery
                  through political/military power
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          Imperialism:  domination by the Core of the Semi-Periphery & the Periphery 
                  through economic power
          Hegemony:  domination by the Core of the Semi-Periphery & the Periphery 
                  through a combination of economic, military, financial, & especially cultural means
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     5.  Cycles of leadership
           Competitive struggle -->              economic power -->               political power -->
           military power -->                  expansion/hegemony -->               imperial overreach -->
           decline/defeat -->               begin again w/ competitive struggle -->
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WST holds that the world system is held together by forces in tension, not consensus
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WST sees the world in historical & developmental terms
Historically the world developed through these stages as such
H-G Society 1.5 mm BP - 10 K BC 
Pre-empire era:  Ancient Ag soc 10 K BC - 3K BC
Early-empire era 3 K BC - 200 BC
Roman empire era 200 BC - 500 AD
Pre-industrial soc (mid ages) 500 - 1300
Early industrial age 1300 - 1700
Industrial age 1700 - present
Global cap 1910 - present
Post Industrial soc 1970 - present

Starting w/ Ancient ag soc, hearth areas developed which were early core areas
By the time of the early-empire era,  there is full development of core, semi-periphery & periphery
We look at specifics of these stages later
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Outline on   The Pre-Empire Era   10K BC  -  3K BC
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    During the Pre-Empire Era  inequality/stratification begins
                 as humanity develops the capacity to produce a surplus
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The transition from H-G Society to Pre-Empire "civilization" is characterized by 
    the scattered development of agriculture of the late H-G Era
    to where Pre-empire society had widespread agriculture
    P-E society was based on agriculture
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Mini-systems develop w/ FIVE Common Traits
   w/ a single cultural base
   w/ a single social economy
   which are essentially self-sufficient
   w/ much trade w/in their system
   & even some trade outside their system, i.e. w/ neighboring mini-systems
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Hearth Areas are settings where new practices develop, & then spread to other areas:
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Agriculture in the Pre-Empire Era was based on widespread domestication of plants & animals
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        Agriculture has gone through many "revolutions" or major stages
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        The First Agricultural Revolution occurs as societies domesticate plants & animals
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During the Pre-Empire Era, the "exploitation of man by man" first developed
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        The replacement of a hunting & gathering form of economy
            w/ an agricultural economy 
            resulted in people being able to produce surpluses
In H-G society, no surplus was produced
Therefore no one could exploit another by taking their surplus
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        The fact that a person could produce more than they could consume
                allowed others to "exploit" them, i.e. take their surplus
                or "enslave" them, i.e. make them create a surplus for another
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        People gain wealth by creating it themselves or taking it from another
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        Thus as humanities ability to create a surplus appeared,
            so too did  the ability to exploit, enslave, etc. another, 
            heralding the end of relative equality in human relations
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But the social relationships surrounding any form of exploitation are different in each era
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Outline on the   Early-Empires Era
a.k.a.    Ancient Agricultural Society            circa 3 K BC  -  200 BC
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The Early-Empires economies were based on FIVE factors
  - agriculture
  - conquest
  - minimal, hand manufacturing sector
  - some trade
  - some service sector:  banking, law, education, etc.
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This era's economic systems were a mixture of state capitalism & command economies
     which was called the Asiatic System by Marx & Weber 
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Demonstrations of power/inequality
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City-states grew & groups of mini-systems absorbed into common political system
    while retaining fundamental cultural differences     (salad bowel integration)
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      Political Systems in this era mostly authoritarian or totalitarian 
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      Hydraulic Societies:  dependency on irrigation & drainage systems, esp. Egypt, China
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      Religion:  transitioning from animism to polytheism;      minimal monotheism
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Some characteristics of the ancient world
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Leadership cycles:  This cycle 1st developed during early-empire era
      & to a great extent still exists today
Empires rose & fell in rapid succession
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Urbanization was part of Empire Building
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      Uruk was the 1st city:  20,000 people in 3500 BC in Mesopotamia
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Organized military developed:  War was made profitable 
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Egypt:  hydraulic society:  central control of irrigation allowed a small elite lived above subsistence
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The Caste System developed in Indian religions & later in Japan about 1500 BC
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         The caste system began w/ 3 divisions, Hindus have over 2300 today
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         Despite the attempts of Gandhi and subsequent leaders to abolish the caste system, 
             ( 1947 ) discrimination on the basis of caste persists.
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The nature of race & slavery did not change its nature in the Early Empire Era
     but it use of it did grow dramatically 
     as did war, empire building, the conquest of other peoples
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Patriarchy began in the Pre-Empire Era but developed fully into a social system in this era
   Discriminatory gender relations did not exist until the time of the Early Empires.
    Thus 99% + of human history has been egalitarian
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Outline on the   Early Industrial Age    circa 1300 - 1700
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         - Introduction: During the Early Industrial Age  (1300 - 1700 ) saw the beginning of the rise 
                 of the Middle Class
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During the previous era, the Middle Ages ( 500 to 1300 ), the fall of feudalism saw 
      the rise of merchant capitalism & the birth of modernism
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A new stratification system rapidly emerged:
Serfs underwent the Enclosure which created a class of Freemen who eventually became Workers
This was a long, bloody process
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W/ the rise of Merchant Capitalism, the Merchant Class was added to the Elites & the Serfs
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The development of the Putting-Out System was the earliest form of wage labor
        & was the proto-factory system
Get paid on how many items you put-out
This competition was very hard on artisans
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Guilds resisted the putting-out system & the destruction of the Craft System
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From 1600 to 1750 ( the end of Early Industrial Age ) we see 
      the development of the Core States of the Modern World system
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The economies of developing Core Regions experienced a rapid building of the industrial sector
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The major factor influencing the development of the Periphery was the Core's need for labor & resources
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The changes in the Early Industrial Age created a Class Society that we would recognize today
There was a shift from an agriculturally based economy to an industrially based economy
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Outline on the   Industrial Age    circa 1700 - present
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          - Introduction:  During the Industrial Age, in the Core Countries the economic base 
              became totally industrialized, while agriculture & other economic systems waned
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The previous era, the Early Industrial Age, ( circa 1300 - 1700 ) saw the birth of capitalism
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Chart on the Characteristics of Stratification System of the Industrial Age
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Class Society emerged w/ the industrial revolution as the agricultural base transformed
    into an industrial base & became fully developed in the Industrial Age, i.e. many classes exist
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3 historical events impacts on development of World System
       1. Industrial Revolution
       2. The French Revolution
      3. Independence of European colonies
Uneven development continued:  England advanced & became dominate core country
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The class system develops fully in the industrial era into multiple classes:  UC, MC, LC
The middle class is now a political force in conflict w/ the UC        See Also    Class 
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Industrial waves:  Europe
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Continuing development of industrial waves
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Industrial Waves: Europe (& US, marginally): based on class system & technological development
The Golden triangle of London, Paris, Berlin developed during this era
1790 - 1850 water power, steam power, cotton, iron, textiles, canals, & turnpikes
1850 - 1870 coal steam, steel, machine tools, steam ships, RR's, world shipping
1870 - 1914 electricity, telecommunications
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Continuing development of industrial waves
1890 - 1950 internal combustion engine, oil, plastics, electricity, aircraft, radio 
        & telecommunications
1950 to  present nuke power, aerospace, electronics, chemicals, interstates, global air travel
1990 to  present solar, robotics, microelectronics, biotech, advanced materials, info tech, internet
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US made rapid development to core status because of social, political, & geographic factors:
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Industrial Waves:  Japan
1868 rev place Meji in power:  modernization
WW1, The Great War, allowed Japan to grab mkt. share in textiles, ships in Asia & Latin Am
     & thus become a core power
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The development of ocean shipping (esp. metal hulls) advanced international trade & labor division
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Automotion created a revolution in transportation & agriculture
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Pax Britainia:  "The sun never sets on the British Empire."
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The final quarter of 19th Century saw a 2nd wave of imperialism
      competition over control of Africa & other corners of the world:  SE Asia
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Berlin Conference 1885-6: 
     established “rules” for European powers over colonization:
     1.  Must give a notice of intent to colonize
     2.  Occupation = sovereignty
     3.  Disputes settle by arbitration
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The periphery in the industrial age retains the same characteristics 
     even though everything else has changed
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Colonies specialized when
   - there was demand in core
   - the colony had a comparative advantage
   - the colony did not compete directly w/ a core country
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Bismarck of Germany:  "Sporting Wars"        1870 - 1900 European powers added 
10 mm square miles  20 % of land surface of Earth
150 mm people to their empires 10 % of population
Thus European powers added an area over 3X size of continental US
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Gender Relations in the Industrial Age are see women gain equality 
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Outline on the
International Division of Labor
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International division of labor has always existed, 
        but evolved rapidly on EIGHT fronts since the late 1950's
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1.  US has declined as an industrial, economic, & political power relative to rest of core.  Why?
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2.  International division of labor has proceeded via deindustrialization
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3.  Producer services arise & displace manufacturing
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4.  Technology makes the world smaller
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5.  Globalization of consumer markets:  international global consumer tastes
     US mkt. is now accustomed to foreign goods (after 20+ yr.), rest of world is moving that way
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6.  Trade blocks evolve:  EU  NAFTA     ASEAN
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7.  Supra-national corporation
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8.  Other global organizations:     IMF    WTO    UN   World Bank   GATT
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Critique of the international division of labor by core
    For workers there is competition w/ low wage workers
    for the economy there are many "technical problems"
    For the consumer there are product problems
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Critique international division of labor by non-core
     For workers there is often exploitation by multi-national corporations
     At the national level there is pollution economic imperialism
     At the individual level, there is a loss of local products, 
         & people cannot afford the products they produce
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Cultural Geography Review Questions:   Chapter

1.  List two different social structures & then one example for each that demonstrates how we are a global village
       a.    ______________________________________________________________________
       b.    ______________________________________________________________________

2.   List two different aspects of culture & then one example for each that demonstrates how we are a global village
       a.    ______________________________________________________________________
       b.    ______________________________________________________________________

3.  List two examples of the positive qualities of the Global Village & two examples of Mal-Globalization
       a.    ______________________________________________________________________
       b.    ______________________________________________________________________
       c.    ______________________________________________________________________
       d.    ______________________________________________________________________

4.  List two of the qualities of each World-System
       a.    ______________________________________________________________________
       b.    ______________________________________________________________________
       c.    ______________________________________________________________________

5. For Wallerstein, the world is best understood by dividing the world into THREE major sectors. 
    List them & give an example of a modern country today
       a.    ______________________________________________________________________
       b.    ______________________________________________________________________
       c.    ______________________________________________________________________

6. For Wallerstein, there are four Types of World-Systems.  List them & give an example.
       a.    ______________________________________________________________________
       b.    ______________________________________________________________________
       c.    ______________________________________________________________________
       d.    ______________________________________________________________________

7. List three Historical Processes that span Wallerstein's Types & Stages of World-Systems
       a.    ______________________________________________________________________
       b.    ______________________________________________________________________
       c.    ______________________________________________________________________

8. List Wallerstein's three types of domination by the core
       a.  _______________________     b._______________________   c. ________________________

9. Briefly list the stages in a Cycle of Leadership:
    ______________________________________________________________________
    ______________________________________________________________________
    ______________________________________________________________________
    ______________________________________________________________________

10. Pre-Empire society was based on  ________________________

11. List three of the Common Traits of mini-systems 
       a.  _________________________  b.  _________________________  c.  ______________________

12.  _________________________  are settings where new practices develop, & then spread to other areas

13. The First Agricultural Revolution occurs as societies  _________________________  plants & animals

14. List three of the factors on which the Early-Empire Economies were based. 
       a.  _________________________  b.  _________________________  c.  ______________________

15. City-states grew & groups of mini-systems absorbed into common political system while retaining 
       fundamental cultural differences.  They experienced   ______________________  integration

16. Political Systems in this era were mostly  ___________________________________

17.  ___________________________________  have a dependency on irrigation & drainage systems

18. During the Era of the Early Empires, religion was transitioning from  ______________________  to 
      ______________________  and there was minimal ______________________

19.  ______________________  is commonly believed to be the 1st city

20. The fall  ______________________  of  saw the rise of  ______________________  capitalism 
       & the birth of  ______________________

21.  ______________________  underwent the Enclosure which created a class of ______________________  
      who eventually became  ______________________

22. The development of the ______________________  System was the earliest form of  ______________________
        & was the  ______________________  system

23.  At the end of Early Industrial Age we see the development of the  ______________________  States 
       of the  ______________________  system

24. During the Early Industrial Age, the major factor influencing the development of the  ______________________  
       was the Core's need for  ______________________

25.  List two historical events that impacted the development of World System during the Early Industrial Age
        a.  _____________________________    b.  ______________________________

26. Give four examples of technological development that were the basis of the Industrial Waves from 1790- present
        a.  _____________________________    b.  ______________________________
        c.  _____________________________    d.  ______________________________

27.  List the principles of the Berlin Conference
       a.    ______________________________________________________________________
       b.    ______________________________________________________________________
       c.    ______________________________________________________________________

28.  The International Division of Labor has always existed, 
      but evolved rapidly on many fronts since the late 1950's.  List four of them
       a.    ______________________________________________________________________
       b.    ______________________________________________________________________
       c.    ______________________________________________________________________
       d.    ______________________________________________________________________

29.  Give one critique of the international division of labor by the core
        ______________________________________________________________________

30.  Give one critique of the international division of labor by the periphery
       ______________________________________________________________________

The End