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Review:  Cultural Geography:  Chapter 1:  Why Places Matter
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blank      Return to the Cultural Geography  Syllabus
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blank      Return to the Cultural Geography Course Schedule & Review List
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         -  Review Questions
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 Overview of Cultural Geography
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          The Principles of Geography
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blank                 In-Class Team Project:  Mental Maps
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blank                 In-Class Team Project:  You are Where You Are 
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          The Geographical Imagination
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blank                 In-class project:  Geographical Imagination
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          The History of Geography
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          Jobs in Geography
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          Map Projections
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          Spatial analysis
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                      Latitude & Longitude
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                       Township & Range
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Overview of
Cultural Geography
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blank Types of Geography
blank       1.  Physical geography:  examines Earth's natural processes & outcomes: 
            climate, weather, landforms, soil formation, plant & animal ecology
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       2.  Cultural geography:  the study of the spatial organization
            of human activity 
            & of people's relationships w/ their environments
     All human activities have a spatial organization
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      3.  Human geography:  examines the spatial organization
    of human activity & people's relationships w/ the environment. 
blank       4. Regional geography:  examines the unique combinations of environmental 
         & human factors in the production of distinctive landscapes & cultural attributes.
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 Table on the Value of Cultural Geography
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The Value of Cultural Geography
Knowledge is Power Mapping- knowing the terrain is always useful economically & militarily
Existential Reason Emotional connection to place-  the spaceship Earth, the Appalachian Mountains, a mountain 
     - is more powerful in perspective
Ethical Reason Knowledge of our place gives us knowledge of others’ place:  respect both
Intellectual Reason Knowledge makes one a good citizen: overcome ethnocentrism & parochialism
Practical Reason Non-market needs: travel, research, science, exploration
Human Nature It's fun: exploration ( & mapping ) is perhaps the greatest human instinct
Edmund Hillary:  because it is there
Gene Roddenberry/Captain Kirk:  Our mission is to seek out and explore new worlds, to boldly go where no one has gone before...
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Outline on the   Principles of Cultural Geography
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 Summary of the Principles of Cultural Geography
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 1.  Everyplace is related to every other place
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 2.  There is interdependence among places : = : specialization of places
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 3.  There is interdependence among the scales of the places 
       & TWO Types of Interdependence of Scale
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       3.1.  Aggregation of Scales:  Local conditions aggregate
 blank       3.2. Impact of Scales:  Global conditions impact local conditions
blank 4.  Location, location, location: Place or position in "space/time;" 
         particular part or parts of a system or object
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       4.1. Site:  Physical attributes of a location  
blank       4.2. Situation:  Location relative to other places & human activities
blank       4.3. Cognitive Images ( Mental Maps ):  Psychological representations of locations 
              that are made up from people's individual ideas & impressions of these locations
blank       4.4. Cognitive Distance:  The distance that people perceive to exist in a given situation
blank       4.5. Friction of distance:  Deterrent of inhibiting effect of distance on human activity
blank       4.6. Distance-decay function:  Rate at which a particular activity or process 
              diminishes w/ increasing distance
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       4.7. Utility: Usefulness of a specific place or location to a particular person or group
blank            Tobler's 1st law:  people will:
                  a.  maximize overall utility of places at minimum effort
                  b.  maximize connections btwn places at minimum cost
                  c.  located related activities as close together as possible
In-Class Team Project:  Mental Maps
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5.  Space:  An expanse having 3 dimensions   L x W x H
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      5.1.  Absolute Space:  "Mathematical space"
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      5.2.  Relative space:  Humanly defined space; e.g.. socioeconomics ( class ), 
              experientaial/cultural ( status )
     5.3.  Cognitive space:  Space defined & measured in terms of people's 
               values, feelings, beliefs, & perceptions about locations, districts & regions
               Cognition determines behavior
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 Chart on Different Kinds of Spaces Analyzed by Human Geography
     5.3.  Topological space:  connectivity:  Space that is defined & measured 
               in terms of nature & degree of connectivity btwn locations
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 6.  Accessibility influences relationship w/ place & vice versa:  Accessibility: Opportunity 
      for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations
       THREE Forms of Accessibility are legally & socially construct
         a.  Ownership
         b.  Borders
         c.  Ability to travel ( $$, knowledge, custom
7.  Spatial Interaction:  Movements & flows that involve human activity 
     that serve one or more of FOUR functions
     7.1. Complementarity: Demand in 1 place that matches/complements supply in others
              7.1.1.  Physical & environmental resources: Anything of value to humanity; 
                          Coal to cultural resources
              7.1.2.  International Division of Labor:  Labor stratification based on 
                          skill, colonialism, imperialism, & econ dominance
              7.1.3.  Economies of Scale:  Cost advantage to manufacturers 
                         that accrue from high-volume production 
                         since average cost of production falls w/ /\ output
       7.2.  Transferability:  Depends on frictional or deterrent effects of distance
               Transferability is a function of 
               Costs of moving
               Ability of item to bear these costs
               Modes of transportation & communication available
                     7.2.1.  Time-Space Convergence:  Rate at which places move closer together in 
                                 travel time or costs
                                 communication time or costs
       7.3.  Intervening Opportunity:  Alternative origins &/or destinations
                     Determine the volume & pattern of movements & flows
       7.4.  Diffusion:  Spread, pour out, scatter, disseminate
                     7.4.1.  Spatial Diffusion:  Way that things spread through space & over time
                                 Patterned--not random
                             S curve of diffusion:  slow build up, rapid spread, level off--plateau
                             Bell curve of diffusion: Innovators:  early adapters, Majority: the crowd
                                      Traditionalists:  Laggards
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                      7.4.2.  Expansion Diffusion:  Spread resulting from proximity of carriers, 
                                 or agents of change, who are fixed in their location
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                      7.4.3.  Relocation Diffusion:  Spread as a result of movement of carrier(s)
                                 from 1 locale to another taking a phenomenon w/ it 
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                      7.4.4.  Hierarchical Diffusion:  Spread from one locale to another
                                 w/o spreading to intervening locales
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 8.  Globalization:  Increased interconnectedness of different parts of the world
      through the common processes of econ, environmental, political, & cultural change
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 9.  Locale Affects Individuation:  Different places give us different perspectives on life, 
     others, etc.... 
In-Class Team Project:  You are Where You Are 
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Summary of the Principles of Cultural Geography:
1.  Everyplace is related to every other place
2.  Interdependence of places 
3.  Interdependence of scale:
      3.1.  Local conditions aggregate
      3.2.  Global conditions impact local conditions
4.  Location
      4.1. Site
      4.2. Situation
      4.3. Cognitive images (mental maps)
      4.4. Cognitive distance
      4.5. Friction of distance
      4.6. Distance-decay function
      4.7. Utility:  Tobler's first law
            In-class Project:  Mental Maps
5.  Space
     5.1. Absolute
     5.2. Relative
     5.3. Cognitive
     5.4. Topological Space:  connectivity
6.  Accessibility influences relationship w/ place
7.  Spatial Interaction
     7.1. Complementarity
            7.1.1. Physical & environmental resources
            7.1.2. International div of labor
            7.1.3. Economies of scale
    7.2. Transferability
           7.2.1. Time-space convergence
    7.3. Intervening opportunity
    7.4. Diffusion
           7.4.1. Spatial diffusion
           7.4.2. Expansion diffusion
           7.4.3. Relocation diffusion
           7.4.4. Hierarchical diffusion
8.  Globalization
9.  Locale affects individuation
      In-class Project:  You are where you are
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Different Kinds of Spaces Analyzed by Human Geography
Absolute Space:  Mathematical Space
Relative Space:
Socioeconomic Space
Relative Space:
Experiential/Cultural Space
Cognitive Space:
Behavioral Space
Points
Sites
Places
Landmarks
Lines
Situations
Ways
Paths
Areas
Routes
Territories
Districts
Planes
Regions
Domains
Environments
Configurations
Distributions
Worlds
Spatial layouts
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Outline on the   Geographical Imagination
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 Geographical Imagination The ability to understanding
     changing patterns, processes, & relationships among people & places. 		  blank
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 The Geographical Imagination allows us to experience "a lucid summation" 
      of  the intersection of history & biography & place		  blank
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 Understanding:  Can you look at a place & "envision" what it is?  blank
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 In-class project:  Geographical Imagination
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 The Sociological Imagination by C. Wright Mills  Link
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Outline on the   History of Geography
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 Pre-Historical Geography:  Hunter-Gatherer tribes had to migrate over large areas. 
      How's They do That? 
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 The Geography of the Early Historical Peoples:  circa 8 K BC:  Who was traveling & why?   blank
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 Greek Geography:  Geography began as philosophy
Geography means "Earth-writing" or " Earth describing"		  blank
blank First map:  Anaximander of Miletus  ( 611 - 547 BC ) blank
blank Eratosthenes, mathematician, calculated circumference of Earth.   Error of 50 miles! blank
blank Strabo wrote his 17 volume Geography  ( written 8 - 18 BC ) blank
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 Roman Geography:  Ptolemy  ( c. 90 - 168 AD ) wrote his 8 Volume guide to Geography
Many of Ptolemy's theories proved to be wrong		  blank
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 Continual progress was made by Chinese & Mideasterners during the middle ages, 
      circa 500 to 1300		  blank
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 "The Age of Exploration" circa 1300 to 1700 
    encompasses the West's conquest of  "the New World" & other regions		  blank
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 The Late middle Ages:  1000s  - 1500s:  Europeans began to travel outside own region:
    Crusades,  Marco Polo		  blank
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 The 1400s - 1500s:  Early Industrial Age: 
      Spaniards & Portuguese began long voyages of exploration		  blank
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 1500s -  1800s:  Europeans explore North & South America
Until 1820s geography & geology were 1 field, but then separated
In the 1880's Europeans explored interior Africa		  blank
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 1900s:  Age of Global Capitalism 
Ellen Churchill Semple defined geography as study of environments influence on human history		  blank
blank Western geographer concepts
 - ethnocentrism:  belief that own race, culture, etc. are superior (normal when not extreme)
 - imperialism:  power through of econ & political control
 - masculinism:  men should control everything
 - Darwinism & Social Darwinism:  Ratzel & Semple: how does place affect evolution: 		 blank
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 Modern Era of Geography: Post-Industrial Age: 
        Great advances in mapping:  GIS		 blank
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 Influential Historic Geographers blank
blank       Immanuel Kant:                    1724 - 1804
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blank       Alexander von Humboldt      1769 - 1859
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blank       Carl Ritter                            1779 - 1859
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blank       Freidrich Ratzel 
      Ellen Churchill Semple          1844 - 1904
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Outline on   Jobs in Geography
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 Cartography & Remote Sensing:  measuring crop production, deforestation, endangered species, military maps, etc.          GIS
 
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 Location of Public Facilities:  transportation networks, housing & industry locations, etc.
 
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 Mkting & Location of Industry:  efficiency, profitability, env. harmony
 
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 Law:  resolution of social issues:  segregation, property development
   - resolution of env issues:  flooding, erosion, toxic waste dumps, fault lines
 
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 Disease Ecology: social & env aspects of disease spread
 
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 Urban & Regional Planning:  address & resolve physical, social, econ, etc. problems of neighborhoods, cities, suburbs, etc.
 
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 Economic Development:  plan for growth of productive sector
 
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 Most popular geographic careers:  marketing & managerial job in govt.
 
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Cultural Geography Review Questions:   Chapter 1:  Why Places Matter
1.  The value of cultural geography of  _____________________________ can be seen in our desire to "boldly go where no one has gone before, to seek out new worlds..."
2.  The value of cultural geography of  _____________________________ can be seen in the economic value of maps.
3.  The value of cultural geography of  _____________________________ knowledge of place makes us a good citizen. 
4.  __________________________  is the term for the geographical attributes of a location
5.  __________________________ is the term for the location of a place, relative to other places & human activity
6.  __________________________ are also known as mental maps
7.  What are the three forms of accessibility? a.   __________________________ 
      b.  __________________________    c.   __________________________
8.  The concept of  __________________________  denotes that demand in 1 place matches supply in other places.
9.  The concept of  __________________________  denotes the cost advantage to manufacturers that accrue from high-volume production since average cost of production falls w/ increased output
10.  __________________________  describes the slow build-up, rapid spread, and then the leveling off or plateauing of a product, an innovation, a population, etc.
11. List the 5 types of populations that make-up Bell curve diffusion:  a.  __________________________ b.  __________________________  c.  __________________________  d.  __________________________  e.  __________________________
12.  The fact that "you are where you are" reflects the principle of cultural geography that _________________________________________
13.  The Geographic Imagination represents the intersection of   a.  __________________________  b.  __________________________  c.  __________________________
14.  List two ways that pre-historical people managed to navigate over long distances:
a.  ______________________________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________________________

15.  After the Roman Era, ___________________________  made little progress in geography while __________________________  continued to make significant advances 
16.  __________________________  A type of map where both size & shape are partially distorted
17.  __________________________  A type of map where sizes are true but shapes are distorted
18.  __________________________  A type of map where size & shapes are true, but the layout is distorted
19.  __________________________  A type of map with no distortion:  the only true map
20.  __________________________  A type of map where sizes are true, but shapes are distorted
21.  __________________________  A type of map where shapes are true, 
       but sizes are distorted (most popular) (makes No Am look big)
22.  ____________________ measures East & West 
23.   ____________________  does not have varying distance. 
24.   Longitude measures _____________ degrees from _____________ to _____________
25.  In the township & range system the basic unit of analysis is the  ____________________  which is made up of  _____________  square mile(s).
26.  ____________________  lines run ____________________ & ____________________ 
27.  Latitude measures ____________________ degrees from ____________________ to ____________________
28.  ____________________  lines run _____________ & _____________
29.  ____________________  does  have varying distance
30. ____________________  measures North & South.
31.  A section is made up of  _____________  acre(s)
32.  An acre is the size of a  _____________  field. 

The End